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DT GCSE (Eduqas) > DT and Our World (Core) > Flashcards

DT and Our World (Core) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is automation?

A

Using automatic equipment in production.

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2
Q

What are the advantages of automation?

A
  • Repeats the process fast and can run 24 hours.
  • Opportunities for higher skilled workers.
  • Less chance of human error.
  • Less waste.
  • Lower running costs.
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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of automation?

A
  • Reduces employment workforce.
  • Expensive to set up and fix.
  • Needs maintaining.
  • Training needed to work the machines.
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4
Q

What is robotics?

A

Automation that uses AI to collect information and improve the performance of a particular procedure.

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5
Q

What are the advantages of robotics?

A
  • Increased efficiency - can work at a constant speed without tiring.
  • Can handle harmful materials.
  • More precise.
  • Faster speed.
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of robotics?

A
  • Very expensive to set up and repair.
  • Need constant power.
  • Loss of jobs.
  • Training needed to supervise them.
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7
Q

What is smart technology?

A

Technology that uses a chip to store information.

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8
Q

What is a modular building?

A

A building made of smaller, prebuilt parts put together

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9
Q

What are the advantages of a modular building?

A
  • Can be erected quickly.
  • Low cost.
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10
Q

What is crowdfunding?

A

Using websites to advertise products as investment opportunities, where backers who donate are often rewarded free gifts or discounts if the product is successful.

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11
Q

What is virtual marketing?

A

The promotion of products online, sharing experiences, reviews and recommendations.

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12
Q

What is a cooperative?

A

An organisation with lots of people working together towards a common goal. It is run and owned by members who share decisions, profits and risk.

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13
Q

What is fair trade?

A

Trade in which fair prices are paid and suitable working conditions provided to the farmers and workers who create products.

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14
Q

What does sustainable mean?

A

Meeting the needs of today, while also ensuring future generations can be provided for.

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15
Q

What are finite resources?

A

Non-renewable resources that will eventually run out, like metals, plastics and fossil fuels.

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16
Q

What are the advantages of finite resources?

A
  • Easily accessible due to strong supply chains.
  • Come with benefits for manufacturing particular products or for energy supplies.
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17
Q

What are non-finite resources?

A

Renewable resources that are found naturally and can be replaced, like wood, cotton, solar energy and wind energy.

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18
Q

What is coal used for?

A
  • Energy production.
  • Heat source.
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19
Q

How is energy created from coal?

A
  • Coal is crushed and then burned.
  • The hot coal heats water, turning it into steam.
  • Steam builds up to a very high pressure and spins a turbine.
  • Turbine is connected to an electrical generator, creating electricity.
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20
Q

What are the advantages of coal?

A
  • Enough coal on Earth to last hundreds of years.
  • Produces high amounts of energy.
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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of coal?

A
  • Produces carbon dioxide when burned, contributing to global warming.
  • Damage is caused to natural land when mining takes place.
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22
Q

What is natural gas used for?

A
  • Heating.
  • Cooking.
  • Energy production.
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23
Q

How is natural gas obtained?

A
  • Commonly produced off-shore and transported through pipelines to a power station.
  • In the UK there are shale gas deposits, which can be obtained by fracking (cracking large rocks underground).
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24
Q

What are the advantages of natural gas?

A
  • It emits less carbon dioxide than coal or oil.
  • The UK has shale gas deposits.
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25
Q

What are the disadvantages of natural gas?

A
  • Gas is highly flammable - if there is a gas leak, an explosion can easily happen.
  • Extracting gas might cause the pollution of water.
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26
Q

What is oil used for?

A
  • Fuel
  • Plastics
  • Energy production.
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27
Q

What are the advantages of oil?

A
  • A small amount of oil can produce a lot of energy.
  • It is relatively easy to store and transport.
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28
Q

What are the disadvantages of oil?

A
  • Creates significant air pollution when burned.
  • Considerable impact on water, land use and disposal.
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29
Q

How is nuclear energy created?

A
  • Uranium nuclei undergo nuclear fission.
  • They split apart, releasing energy.
  • This energy is used to convert water into steam.
  • This spins a turbine attached to a generator to produce electricity.
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30
Q

What are the advantages of nuclear energy?

A
  • No harmful gases are released in the process.
  • More efficient than fossil fuels.
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31
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear energy?

A
  • Nuclear power stations have to close after 40 years of use when the uranium becomes less efficient at heating the water.
  • Disposal of uranium is difficult and costly.
  • Cost of nuclear power stations is very large.
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32
Q

How is wind energy created?

A
  • Wind turbine blades turn with the wind.
  • These turn a generator, producing electricity.
33
Q

What are the advantages of wind energy?

A
  • Wind energy is constantly available and sustainable.
  • There is no cost for wind and the running cost of a wind turbine is relatively low.
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of wind energy?

A
  • When there are periods of low wind, little or no energy is produced.
  • They cost a lot to build and put in place.
  • Some people do not like the look of wind turbines or feel that they spoil the natural landscape.
35
Q

How is solar energy created?

A
  • Solar panels are placed in specific places to maximise light intake.
  • They contain photovoltaic cells, which harness the Sun’s light energy and convert it into electricity.
36
Q

What are the advantages of solar energy?

A
  • Clean, renewable energy source.
  • Reduces household energy bills.
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of solar energy?

A
  • Some people do not like the look of solar panels or feel that they spoil the appearance of a building.
  • Costs a lot to install.
  • Does not produce much electricity when there is considerable cloud cover, during winter months or at night.
38
Q

How is tidal energy created?

A
  • A tidal barrage is built across the mouth of a river where it meets the ocean.
  • The barrage is constructed so that the incoming tide passes through turbines to generate electricity.
  • It also harnesses the reverse flow of the water when the tide goes out.
39
Q

What are the advantages of tidal energy?

A
  • Clean, renewable energy source.
  • Tidal power plants will last for a long time.
  • Could produce a fifth of the UK’s needs as it is an island surrounded by the sea.
40
Q

What are the disadvantages of tidal energy?

A
  • Construction of tidal barrages is expensive.
  • Environmental impact of tidal barrages is unknown.
41
Q

How is hydroelectricity created?

A
  • A dam is built to block a valley or a major river, often creating a reservoir behind the dam.
  • Once the water has built up behind the dam, it is directed and released by valves through turbines.
  • The turbines turn generators to produce electricity.
  • The water is then pumped back up to the reservoir during the night when the energy needs of the public are lower.
42
Q

What are the advantages of hydroelectricity?

A
  • Clean, renewable energy source.
  • Valves can be opened very quickly to produce energy at peak times.
  • No pollution when running it.
43
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydroelectricity?

A
  • Construction of dams is expensive.
  • The cost of pumping the water back up is high.
  • Affects the wildlife by flooding the valley.
44
Q

How is biomass energy created?

A
  • Plants such as rapeseed or willow are grown.
  • These plants or any organic waste can be burned in a furnace to produce heat.
  • This can heat water, making steam, turning a turbine and generating electricity.
45
Q

What are the advantages of biomass energy?

A
  • Clean, renewable energy source.
  • Carbon dioxide is released in the process and can be reused by plants.
  • Replacement plants can be grown very quickly to ensure a good supply.
46
Q

What are the disadvantages of biomass energy?

A
  • Creates atmospheric pollution when burned.
  • Land used for energy crops may be needed for other purposes such as agriculture.
47
Q

What are the advantages of rechargeable batteries?

A
  • They can be recharged.
  • More economical in the long term.
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of rechargeable batteries?

A
  • More expensive to purchase than single-use batteries.
  • Limited lifespan.
49
Q

Why should batteries be recycled?

A

To prevent them ending up in landfill sites. Batteries contain harmful chemicals and metals that are bad for the environment - they can contaminate the ground or poison the wildlife that may eat them.

50
Q

What is wind-up energy?

A

When a mechanism allows the user to generate energy by using muscle power to turn a hand crank. This provides kinetic energy to power the device.

51
Q

What are the advantages of wind-up energy?

A
  • Requires no additional batteries.
  • Ready to be used whenever the user needs it.
52
Q

What is nesting?

A

Measuring and manufacturing materials to perfectly fit the product, without creating additional waste in the process.

53
Q

What is continuous improvement or ‘Kaizen’?

A

The practice of continually making small adjustments to production techniques to improve speed and quality and save resources.

54
Q

What are the advantages of continuous improvement or ‘Kaizen’?

A
  • Encourages people to work together and give regular feedback to make small improvements.
  • Can increase productivity and create team harmony as all members of the team contribute, and everyone’s opinon is valued.
55
Q

What are the advantages of efficient working?

A
  • Increases the speed of production.
  • Reduces errors.
  • Less waste.
56
Q

How can efficient working be achieved?

A
  • Utilising automation.
  • Using computer aided manufacture (CAM).
  • Implementing quality control checks.
57
Q

What is pollution?

A

When harmful substances are released into the natural environment, whether it’s air, water or natural land.

58
Q

How has legislation helped reduce pollution?

A

In the UK, cosmetic products can no longer contain plastic microbeads, as they were previously polluting the ocean.

59
Q

What are the four stages of a product life cycle?

A
  • Introduction - this can be the most expensive stage for a company due to paying for a new product to be advertised and launched while sales are low.
  • Growth - if promotion of the product is successful then sales will increase as it becomes popular with consumers.
  • Maturity - a competitive time for the company as their product has reached out to all customers and is becoming well known, but there is continued competition as newer products are being released, and the company will need to keep sales of their product high through more marketing.
  • Decline - product sales decrease as new competitive products come to market and/or everyone who needs it has already purchased the product.
60
Q

What are the advantages of a product life cycle analysis?

A

Ensures money, materials and energy are not wasted when the product has stopped selling, lessening the potential impact on the environment.

61
Q

What is technology push?

A

When technology advances enough to invent or develop new products. It occurs before there is consumer demand for a product. Research and development are valuable for companies who are the first to introduce a new, innovative product.

62
Q

What is an example of technology push?

A

Smartphones - existing touchscreen technology was used to improve the mobile phone market.

63
Q

What is market pull?

A

When consumer demand forces the invention or development of a new product.

64
Q

What is an example of market pull?

A

Cameras - they have become smaller, more lightweight and higher performing as a result of customer needs. Originally, rolls of film needed to be developed to view the photos, whereas digital cameras have catered to a customer need to see photos immediately and know if a second shot is needed.

65
Q

How have job roles changed in response to new technologies?

A

Overall, there has been a decline in the need for traditional skills in jobs. Rather than facing unemployment, workers have had to be retrained or ‘up-skilled’ to manage the new technologies.

66
Q

How have new technologies impacted culture?

A
  • Consumers are driven to own the latest products available.
  • The public is immersed in media that subconsciously influences their taste in style.
  • Technologies like wearable items and new textiles allow products to remain popular with a modern market while creating new and innovative looks.
  • Trend forecasts are able to predict the future patterns and colours years before they come onto the market, information that manufacturers buy to stay ahead of their competitors.
  • As manufacturers try to produce for the mass market, they need to consider their consumers’ cultural beliefs, such as not using animal ingredients or making more modest clothing.
67
Q

How are products designed for specific needs?

A
  • Physical disabilities - needs are met by understanding the nature of the physical disability, eg visual impairments, mobility restrictions or motor control, so that the user can use the product with ease.
  • Elderly - needs are met by understanding the difficulties elderly people face, eg mobility issues, visual impairment and hearing loss. A long shoehorn is an example of a product that does this, allowing an elderly person to put a shoe on without bending down.
  • Religious groups - needs are met by understanding the preferences of the group in question, eg the use of certain symbols, dietary restrictions and clothing requirements, so that the group’s beliefs are upheld.
68
Q

What are the advantages of CAD?

A
  • Ideas can be drawn and developed quickly.
  • Designs can be viewed from all angles and with a range of materials.
  • Some testing and consumer feedback can be done before costly production takes place.
  • More accurate drawings can be achieved.
  • Changes can be made to the drawings easily.
  • Easier to store drawings as digital files that can be sent all around the world in an instant.
69
Q

What are the disadvantages of CAD?

A
  • Expensive to set up.
  • Needs a skilled workforce.
  • Difficult to keep up with constantly changing and improving technology.
  • Files can be corrupted or lost.
70
Q

What are the advantages of CAM?

A
  • Fast and accurate production.
  • Machines can run constantly on repetitive tasks.
  • Saves on employment costs as fewer workers are needed.
71
Q

What are the disadvantages of CAM?

A
  • Expensive to set up.
  • Needs a skilled workforce of engineers.
  • Machines need maintaining and parts can be expensive.
  • Could cause a loss of manufacturing jobs.
72
Q

What are some examples of CAM equipment?

A
  • CNC router - a rotary cutter controlled by a computer following CAD designs. It can be used on a variety if hard materials such as wood, metal and plastic, and is used for precision cutting.
  • CNC embroidery machine - a sewing machine that takes designs from a computer and transfers them to fabric. Used to add logos and designs, and to personalise products.
  • Vinyl cutter - a printer-like machine that moves a small blade over the vinyl and cuts bold vector-based illustrations accurately from coloured vinyl. Used for signs, wall decorations, car deco and banners.
  • Laser cutter - a laser that reflects off mirrors to form an accurate beam and manufacture a variety of products following CAD designs that indicate whether to cut, engrave or etch, Suitable for a wide variety of materials such as plastic, wood, paper, card and fabrics.
  • 3D printer - an additive machine that follows CAD designs to place layers on top of each other repeatedly and create a 3D object. A filament of plastic (ABS, PLA, Nylon) is fed into the machine and heated so it is softened and sticks to the previous layer. Used in most industries such as medical (prosthetic limbs), fashion (outfits, footwear), automotive, education and industrial.
73
Q

What are flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)?

A

A series of different machines producing different parts for a product. The system is flexible because, at any time, machines in the process can be reprogrammed to change their task and production can be changed to produce more or fewer parts without stopping the other areas of the process.

74
Q

What is just in time (JIT) manufacturing?

A

Manufacturing that is triggered by a customer order. The correct amounts of materials are ordered in to cover the order, and these arrive just as they are needed by production. This saves money on storage, reduces waste and ensures there is no money wasted producing stock that will remain unsold. However, if a part cannot be sourced, clients have to wait longer.

75
Q

What is lean manufacturing?

A

A Japanese concept, based on minimising costs and maximising efficiency by cutting down on waste and the amount of materials and energy used in production. This is done by adapting designs and making changes to the production process.

76
Q

What is planned obsolescence?

A

The practice of designing products that will have a limited life cycle and that will become obsolete and require to be replaced, such as disposable razors. This is generally bad for the environment as it creates more waste.

77
Q

What is design for maintenance?

A

When products are designed to be more durable and have spare parts available to mend or maintain them. This is only possible with low-tech or modular products that don’t require a great deal of skill to repair, like a bike.

78
Q

What is design for disassembly?

A

A concept that when a product has reached the end of its life it can be taken apart and parts reused or recycled. For example, a stool could be unscrewed to allow the different parts to be individually recycled.

79
Q

How are designers focusing more on the environment?

A
  • Making products from renewable materials, such as paper straws instead of plastic, to create less waste material.
  • Transporting materials in a more efficient way to cut down on emissions of greenhouse gases.
  • Cutting down the use of finite resources for use in production and for energy supply, improving the overall environmental impact of a product.
  • Using products made from biodegradable materials, such as paper plates and wooden cutlery, that will decompose a lot quicker in landfill sites.
  • Considering the product life cycle, to plan the very start and manufacturing stage, to consumer use and where it will go at the end of its life.

DT GCSE (Eduqas) (6 decks)

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