DT Flashcards
prone position
lying on the stomach, face down) contacting the ground with the palms,
forearms, and feet, turning your head to the side, and exhaling on impact
Defensive tactics
system of controlled defensive and offensive body
movements that criminal justice officers use to respond to a subject’s aggression
or resistance
Hip Escapes
allow you to move from side to side to avoid or defend against an attack
Shrimping
The movement in a hip escape. You can use it to escape from certain ground positions, such as side control,
full mount
Cardiovascular training
any exercise that elevates the heart rate to a range of 60% to 85% of the maximum rate
776
governs all use of force by criminal justice officers
776.05
addresses the issue of an officer using force to make an arrest:
A law enforcement officer, or any person whom the officer has summoned or directed to assist
him or her, need not retreat or desist from efforts to make a lawful arrest because of resistance or
threatened resistance to the arrest. The officer is justified in the use of any force:
(1) Which he or she reasonably believes to be necessary to defend himself or herself or another
from bodily harm while making the arrest;
(2) When necessarily committed in retaking felons who have escaped; or
(3) When necessarily committed in arresting felons fleeing from justice. However, this subsection
does not constitute a defense in any civil action for damages brought for the wrongful use of
deadly force unless the use of deadly force was necessary to prevent the arrest from being
defeated by such flight and, when feasible, some warning had been given, and:
(a) The officer reasonably believes that the fleeing felon poses a threat of death or serious
physical harm to the officer or others; or
(b) The officer reasonably believes that the fleeing felon has committed a crime involving the
infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm to another person.
944
addresses the use of force specifically by state correctional
and correctional probation officers
945
establishes that the Department of Corrections has jurisdiction over the supervisory and protective care, custody, and control of
inmates and offenders.
944.35
(1)(a) An employee of the department is authorized to apply physical force upon an inmate only
when and to the extent that it reasonably appears necessary:
- To defend himself or herself or another against such other imminent use of unlawful force;
- To prevent a person from escaping from a state correctional institution when the officer reasonably
believes that person is lawfully detained in such institution; - To prevent damage to property;
- To quell a disturbance;
- To overcome physical resistance to a lawful command; or
- To administer medical treatment only by or under the supervision of a physician or his or her
designee and only:
a. When treatment is necessary to protect the health of other persons, as in the case of contagious
or venereal diseases; or
b. When treatment is offered in satisfaction of a duty to protect the inmate against self-inflicted
injury or death.
objective reasonableness
The courts decide whether an officer’s
use of force is a appropriate response to a subject’s resistance
Appropriate
force
the amount of force reasonably necessary to make an arrest
The Supreme Court
has made clear that use of force is a seizure under the Fourth Amendment
An officer’s goal is to achieve
subject compliance
Compliance
verbal or physical yielding to an officer’s authority without
apparent threat of resistance or violence
Escalation
increasing the use of force or resistance
De-escalation
decreasing the
use of force or resistance
Disengagement
discontinuing a command or physical use of force, for example, by breaking
away from a subject
Force Guidelines
provide a framework for making decisions involving the reasonable use of force by criminal
justice officers.
Passive resistance
subject’s verbal or physical refusal to comply with
an officer’s lawful direction, causing the officer to use physical techniques
to establish control
Active resistance
subject’s use of physically evasive movements directed
toward the officer, such as bracing, tensing, pushing, or pulling to
prevent the officer from establishing control over the subject
Aggressive resistance
hostile, attacking movements that may cause injury
but are not likely to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or
others
Deadly force resistance
hostile, attacking movements with or without a
weapon that create a reasonable perception by the officer that the subject
intends to cause and has the capability of causing death or great bodily harm to the officer or others
Try to resolve a situation with
the least amount of force necessary
Physical force
includes physical control, using less
lethal weapons, and deadly force
Officer presence
your ability to convey to subjects and onlookers that
you are able and ready to take control
Command presence
your demeanor and the way you exhibit confidence through erect posture, alertness, and attention
to surroundings.
Physical control
achieving compliance or custody through the use of
empty-hand or leverage-enhanced
techniques, such as pain compliance,
transporters, restraint devices, takedowns, and striking techniques
less lethal weapon
not fundamentally designed to cause death or
great bodily harm. Some examples include electronic control devices
(ECD), conducted electrical weapons (CEW), expandable batons, flashlights, and chemical agent sprays
776.06
The term “deadly force” means force that is likely to cause death or great bodily harm and
includes, but is not limited to:
(a) The firing of a firearm in the direction of the person to be arrested, even though no intent
exists to kill or inflict great bodily harm; and
(b) The firing of a firearm at a vehicle in which the person to be arrested is riding.
776.07
A correctional officer or other law enforcement officer is justified in the use of force, including
deadly force, which he or she reasonably believes to be necessary to prevent the escape from
a penal institution of a person whom the officer reasonably believes to be lawfully detained in
such institution under sentence for an offense or awaiting trial or commitment for an offense
943.1735
defines excessive use of force as force that exceeds
the degree of force permitted by law, policy, or the observing officer’s employing agency
criteria for making deadly force decisions
ability, opportunity,
intent
Ability
refers to the subject’s having the means to carry out their intent to
cause death or great bodily harm
Opportunity
means the subject is capable of acting on a plan to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or
others.
Intent
subject’s intention to voluntarily make the bodily movement that becomes the act to commit a criminal
offense
totality of circumstances
considers the overall facts of a situation
to determine if you had the authority to detain someone for committing
a crime or to perform a legal search
situational factors
- severity of the crime
- subject as an immediate threat
- subject’s mental or psychiatric history, if known to the officer
- subject’s violent history, if known to the officer
- subject’s combative skills, if known to the officer
- subject’s access to weapons, if known to the officer
- innocent bystanders who could be harmed
- number of subjects versus number of officers
- duration of confrontation
- subject’s size, age, weight, and physical condition
- officer’s size, age, weight, physical condition, and defensive tactics expertise
- environmental factors, such as physical terrain, weather conditions, and so on.
Survival stress
body and mind’s response to a perceived threat
reaction to survival stress
fight, flight, posture, or submit
submit
completely
relinquish control to another
fine motor skills
the muscle control required to make small, precise movements, such as
unlocking handcuffs with a key
gross motor skills
movements of the large or major muscles of the body to do
things like run, punch, or kick
complex motor skills
tasks that require a combination of fine and gross motor skills using
hand-eye coordination timed to a single event, such as driving a vehicle
Threat Awareness Spectrum
illustration of how survival stress
may affect your reaction to a perceived challenge or threat
White
Unaware that a
threat exists,
Attention is
unfocused or
preoccupied, and the
officer is oblivious to
potential danger in
their environment.
Yellow
General awareness
of possible threats,
Attention is focused,
and the officer scans
the environment for
potential threats
Orange
Recognition that a
threat exists, awareness of a
specific threat
encourages
preplanning and
more intense focus.
Physical indicators of
stress may become
evident.
Red
Specific threat
identified and
appropriate actions
taken, The threat is
assessed and
managed through
intensified cognitive
and physical
reactions. Survival
stress functions
become optimum
Black
Threat mismanaged
due to panicked
stress response, Survival stress
functions break
down. Submission
or freezing may
occur. An officer
may overreact,
underreact, or not
react to a situation
You can increase your coping
skills and better prepare for the effects of stress by doing the following:
- preplan
- stay physically fit
- get enough rest
- keep a nutritious diet
- use controlled breathing techniques
- rely on techniques that involve gross motor movements rather than fine motor skills
- train under realistic environmental conditions designed to mirror high-stress
scenarios - anticipate the possibility of resistance with every subject encounter
- stay proficient in physical and mental skills
- stay proficient with firearms and other issued equipment
balance
Maintaining
a ______ posture is essential in performing any technique. To achieve ________ your head and
hips must be aligned and your weight distributed evenly between your feet
Balance displacement
controlling technique used to break the subject’s balance through
the use of leverage principles
leverage
using a great force against a weaker resistance. It is used in conjunction with joint manipulation
or pain and mechanical compliance to gain control
pain compliance
subject’s response to a combination of pain and verbal commands to stop
resisting.
mechanical compliance
An officer may gain control over a subject by applying
pressure or leverage on a joint by locking it up so that no movement
of the joint is possible, causing the subject to comply with verbal direction
joint manipulation
An officer may gain control over a subject by bending or twisting a joint in a direction that will
cause pain or discomfort to the joint.
motor dysfunction
An officer may gain control over a subject by using an incapacitation technique that causes temporary
impairment of muscular control
penetrating strike
officer strikes a muscle so that the striking object penetrates the
muscle and nerves of the target area. This is a full transfer of kinetic energy that increases the power of the strike.
clinch
technique that involves holding a person tightly in a close position
Communication
exchanging information through verbal and non-verbal
methods.
Dialogue
controlled, unemotional communication between an officer and a subject aimed at problem-solving
and communication
Verbal direction
use of proper, clear, and concise commands to let a person know what you need or expect them
to do
Touch
non-threatening,
non-custodial
physical contact and can be used to support or emphasize a verbal command
Verbal cues
abnormal stuttering, serious and explicit swearing, and specific verbal threats
Non-verbal
cues
- increased breathing
- stopping of all movement
- clenched fists and quivering hands
- refusal to show palms of hands
- reddened or flushed face
- prominent expanding veins on face and forearms
- shifting of shoulders or change of stance
- glancing at a target area (target glance)
- ignoring the officer
- rapid, angry movements
excited delirium
someone may overheat easily, be hostile, and show superhuman
strength.
Sudden In-Custody
Death Syndrome (SICDS)
broad classification for unexplained in-custody
deaths
environmental factors
weather, traffic conditions, terrain,
and the presence of animals, bystanders, and potential weapons
Stances
refer to how you stand when you interact with a subject or when they
approach you.
Interview Stance
- Stand with head, hips, and feet aligned.
- Plant your feet shoulder-width
apart with the knees slightly bent. - Angle your body to the subject with the strong side away.
- Place your hands above waist level.
Offensive Ready Stance
- Stand with your head, hips, and feet aligned and your chin tucked.
- Plant your feet slightly wider than shoulder-width
apart with
the knees slightly bent. - Angle your body so that your strong side is away from the subject. Place your hands just below eye level
and toward your center.
Relative positioning
describes where you stand or position
yourself in relation to the subject
Reactionary gap
the distance you must keep between you and the
subject to react effectively against a sudden threat. This
distance is generally 6–9 feet if you have visual control of the subject’s
hands, or 25 feet when you cannot see their hands.
Danger zone
anywhere inside the reactionary gap
Body movement
refers to how you approach a subject or enter a scene
Visual control
the ability to see both of the subject’s hands and to know that they are not holding any
weapons.
When approaching a subject, you may use the following hand-clearing
technique:
- Maintain an appropriate reactionary gap.
- Visually scan the area for potential threats.
- Assume an appropriate stance.
- Identify yourself as an officer, if appropriate.
- Use clear, concise verbal commands.
- Tell the subject to expose both palms.
Reaction time principle
amount of time it takes for the brain to process
a physical threat and the body to respond
Evasion
simply shifting your body or sidestepping to avoid the attack
Redirection
using empty-hand techniques to move the subject away
Pressure points
techniques used to control resistant behavior by using
pain compliance. Pressure or leverage is applied using a fingertip or thumb
tip to target a nerve, joint, or sensitive area, causing pain and compliance to verbal direction
pressure point techniques
touch pressure, stabilization
touch pressure
touching
the location of a nerve or sensitive area and applying continual, uninterrupted
pressure with the tip of the finger(s) or thumb until the subject complies
stabilization
immobilizing
the subject’s head so the subject cannot move or escape
two types of chemical agents
OC (oleoresin capsicum) or CS (orthochlorobenzal
-malononitrile)
OC
commonly called pepper spray, is an inflammatory agent that causes tearing and involuntary closing of the eyes,
nasal discharge, sneezing, disorientation, and a sensation of respiratory distress
CS
irritant agent that causes burning and tearing eyes, nasal discharge, and skin and upper respiratory irritation.
The chemical, when making contact with skin, gives the sensation of pain by activating and irritating the neural transmitters
of the body
active ingredient in OC…
capsaicin
Scoville heat units (SHU)
designed for determining the heat properties
(burning sensation) of peppers for the restaurant industry
factors could influence the results of the OC
poorly placed spray where the OC does not make contact with the subject’s face, the subject’s mindset or past experience
with the chemical agent, drug use, psychosis, or a high pain tolerance
A subject’s reaction to
being sprayed can include…
loss of balance, loss of coordination, anger, anxiety, fear, or panic
OC Canister
Psychological Decontamination
Tell the contaminated
person to remain calm and reassure them that the contaminant causes no lasting effects and should dissipate within
20–30 minutes. This repeated reassurance will help prevent anxiety and panic, behaviors that can endanger you and
others
Physical Decontamination
Strobing, Breathing, Removing Contaminants, Air, Water
Strobing
forcefully blinking the eyes using all the muscles in the face, including those in the forehead. This forceful
blinking helps clear the vision and activates the tear ducts. Tears help clear the eyes and wash away particles of
contaminant.
Decontaminant Solutions
baby shampoo, may decrease
contamination effects
Blocks
reaction techniques using the arms, legs, or body to deflect or
redirect an impending strike from a subject to areas of the body
empty-hand striking technique
any impact technique using hands,
arms, elbows, feet, legs, knees, or head to strike a subject in an offensive
or defensive situation
Temporary motor
dysfunction
type of incapacitation that causes temporary impairment of muscle control, such as a cramp
methods of strikes
penetration and snap-back
penetrating strike
typically used to strike a muscle
snap-back strike
delivered and then retracted very quickly, thus enabling multiple strikes, creating distance, setting
up the next techniques, and causing distraction to the subject
two types of strikes:
Swinging and thrusting
swinging strike
generates less power on impact due to the greater
amount of surface area of the target
thrusting strike
magnifies the delivered power due to the smaller surface area
making contact with the target area
Two variables account for the amount of power generated in a strike;
the amount of mass delivered with the striking
weapon (that is, fist, foot, baton) and the velocity (speed) at which it is delivered.
Diversion
technique
that interrupts the subject’s concentration so that energy is redirected
from the current focus
Diversion
technique
that interrupts the subject’s concentration so that energy is redirected
from the current focus
Pressure point techniques:
- under the jaw
- hollow behind the ear
- hollow behind the collarbone
- elbow under the shoulder blade
escort
a technique used to move a subject from one point
to another without using pain compliance
Transporters
sometimes called come-along
holds, are techniques used to move a subject from one point to another
with pain compliance or mechanical compliance
Transporters are sometimes called …
come-along
holds
Takedowns
techniques used to bring a resisting subject from a standing
position to the ground, making it easier to control them
Grappling
use of body mechanics to leverage or control
another person
vascular neck restraint
compresses certain veins and arteries in the
neck to cause a subject to lose consciousness briefly
Restraint devices
tools, such as handcuffs, which are designed to temporarily
restrain a subject’s movements
types of restraint
devices
waist chains, leg restraints, flexible leg restraints
Handcuffs
temporary restraint devices frequently used to control a subject
Handcuff nomenclature
three-point
pin
used to control the subject for handcuffing
two common types of flexible restraints
Flexible cuffs and flexible leg restraints
search
government intrusion into a place in which a person has a
reasonable expectation of privacy
pat down
physical frisk of a subject conducted in a predetermined pattern to locate weapons
901.151
(Stop and Frisk Law) : Before a law
enforcement officer may conduct a pat down, they must have reasonable suspicion that the subject is armed
Reasonable suspicion
facts or circumstances exist that reasonably
indicate that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a violation of the law
The purpose of a pat down
is not to discover evidence of a crime but to allow the officer to pursue his or her investigation
without fear of violence.” Adams v. Williams
plain touch / feel doctrine
officer may seize any object “whose contour or mass” the officer identifies as
apparent contraband. A law enforcement officer may pat down only
the outside of the clothing for weapons. Minnesota v. Dickerson
If you find a weapon,
take it and place it beyond the subject’s reach in a safe location
custodial search technique
used when a subject is taken into custody in an unsecured environment
quadrant search approach
divides the body into four sections horizontally and vertically
primary purpose of a custodial search
to detect potential weapons or contraband
Searches of inmates are primarily designed to
uncover contraband, prevent escapes, maintain sanitary standards, and
eliminate safety hazards
three types of inmate searches
clothed, strip / unclothed, and body cavity
strip / unclothed searches of an inmate may be conducted only by correctional officers who are of the same sex as
the inmate, except in
emergency circumstances
positive features of ground fights
- The subject is close to you, allowing you to keep and maintain physical control.
- The subject does not have the support of a strong stance to generate power for striking.
- The subject is usually working against time and fearful that you may receive backup or other assistance.
negative features of ground fights
- The subject has immediate access to all of your equipment.
- The ground is often a rough surface that can quickly scratch and tear the skin.
- Equipment can cause pain or reduce movement as you roll on the ground.
- The subject has easy access to your vital areas.
Stalling
tactical method of safely controlling a suspect until you
physically recover or reassess the situation, or backup arrives
Ground fighting
anaerobic physical activity that will quickly tire you
supine position
lying on the back face up
Intermediate weapons
tools used when empty-handed
control is ineffective, but the subject’s level of resistance
does not merit deadly force
most common types of intermediate weapons
- impact weapons, such as batons or weapons of opportunity
- specialty impact weapons such as bean bag rounds (lead shot covered in a small fabric pillow, typically fired from a shotgun) or baton rounds (plastic or rubber bullets)
- electronic control devices, such as a CEW
- chemical agents
impact weapon
any object used for striking
most common impact weapon is the
baton
weapons of opportunity
unconventional
impact weapons
interview stance with an impact weapon
low-profile
stance with the weapon held partially hidden behind
the leg
Electronic control devices (ECD),
electronic immobilization devices
use a high voltage, low-power
electrical charge
to induce involuntary muscle contractions that temporarily disable a non-compliant
subject
Types of electronic control devices
conducted electrical weapon (CEW), handheld stun gun, electronic shield,
electronic belt, and electronic sleeve
Maintaining an appropriate
reactionary gap is
one of the most effective methods to prevent being disarmed
factors affect an officer’s decision to employ handgun defense techniques
- the proximity of the officer to the subject
- the officer’s belief that the subject is going to shoot them
- the presence of other potential victims in the immediate area
- the consideration of other reasonable options
- the mindset and commitment to challenge the subject regardless of personal injury or initial failure
surprise
Do not telegraph to the subject that you plan to counterattack
Telegraphing
small eye,
hand, or foot movements in the direction that you plan to move
action is faster than reaction
When you enter the danger zone to deal with a subject, you are the
initiator. The subject must react to your threat
verbal distraction
Reaction time increases when a subject processes two or more pieces of information
at the same time
physical proximity
To initiate this technique, the subject’s handgun must be within arm’s reach
General guidelines for encountering a subject with a handgun at close proximity
- Move your body out of the way.
- Control the weapon.
- Follow up with appropriate action(s)
minimum safe distance for an officer to be able to react to an edged-weapon
attack without injury
about 25 feet
movements may be used to defend against a spontaneous, close-quarter,
edged-weapon
attack
- evade—Move or pivot away from the attacker.
- secure—Capture the weapon arm and secure it.
- redirect—Redirect the weapon arm.
deadly weapon
any item used to cause death or great bodily harm
