Dsst Flashcards
Wilhelm wundt
First scientific laboratory
Francis Bacon
Created scientific metho
Biological Approach
Personality is linked to genetics
Behavioral Approach
Study and observe behavior-blank state
Cognitive Approach
How the mind learns and thinks
Humanistic
All people are inherently good
Psychoanalytical
Actions are based on unconscious motivation
Structuralism
Classification of the minds structures
Functionalism
William James - rhe “how” part of behavior
Nature vs. Nurture
Whether or not biology plays a part in personality
Variable
A changing part of the person
Constant
A variable that always stays the same
Dependent Variable
The variable the experiment is trying to get information about
Independent variable
The variables that the experimenter controls
Correlational Research
How much one variable changes in relation to each other
Clinical Psychologist
Doctoral degree in psychology, cannot prescribe medicine
Psychiatrist
A medical doctor with a degree in Psychotherapy, can prescribe drugs
Ethics
Principles and standards of behavior including morals
Hypothalamus
Part of the endocrine system
Autonomic nerveous system
Involuntary system
Sympathetic nervous system
Arousing part of the system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming part of the system
Hippocampus
Stores memories
Limbic system
Memory and emotion center
Cerebral Cortex
Most developed and largest part of the brain
Occipital lobe
Vision
Temporal lobe
Hearing
Frontal lobe
Voluntary muscles and intelligence
Parietal lobe
Body sensations
Cerebrum
The two large halves of the brain
Cerebellum
Coordinates all movements and muscles
Pons
Control breathing and heart rate
Brain stem
Sends commands to all other parts of the body
Thalamus
Main relay station for sensory signals
Hypothalamus
Regulates internal temperature
Gregor mendel
Father of genetics
Somatic cell
A full set of chromosomes
Cloning
Reproduction done with just the somatic cells
Gametes
Reproductive cells (eggs and sperm)
Zygote
First part/stage of a human
Vestibular sense
Balance and body movement
Absolute threshold
How much sensation one has to have to feel something
Sclera
White part of the eye
Iris
Colored part of the eye
Pupil
Part of the eye that is black, opens and closes to let in light
Cornea
A clear membrane that protects the eye
Lens
Transparent and located in front of the eye
Retina
Back of the eye. Contains rods and cones.
Cones
Use to view color
Noise
Irrelevant stimuli that competes for attention
Frequency
The number of full wavelengths that pass through a point in a given amount of time
Pitch
Ears interpretation of a sounds frequency
Amplitude
Amount of pressure produced by a sound wave and is measured in decibels
Loudness
A sound waves amplitude
Outer ear
Includes pinna and external auditory canal
Timbre
The perceptual quality of sound
Middle ear
Eardrum, anvil, stirrup
Inner ear
Oval window, cochlea, organ of corti
Cochlea
A fluid filled structure in the inner ear that looks like a snail
Organ of corti
A part of the ear inside the cochlea
Gestalt psychology
People organize their perceptions by patterns
Depth perception
Makes people see objects in three dimensions
Visual cliff
Proof that babies have depth perception
Erik Erickson
Psychoanalyst
Most important thing to Erickson
Development of trust
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infant
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddler
Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschooler
Industry vs. Inferiority
School-Age
Identy vs. Role Confusion
Adolescent
Intamacy vs. Isolation
Young Adult
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle-Age Adult
Ego integrity vs. Despair
Old age
Jean Piaget
Cognitive theorist
Accommodation
The difference made to ones mind or concepts by the process of assimilation.
Classification
The ability to group objects together on a basis of common features
Class inclusion
The understanding of more advanced than simple classification, that some classes or sets of objects are also sub-sets of larger class
Conservation
The realization that objects or sets of objects stay the same even when they are changed about or made to look different
Developmemtal Norm
A statistical measure of typical scores for categories of information
Egocentrism
The belief thar you are the center of the universe and everything revolves atound you.
Elaboration
Relating new information to something familiar
Operation
The process of working something out in your head
Recognition
The ability to identify correctly something encountered before
Recall
Being able to reproduce knowledge from memory
Schema
The representation in the mind of a set of perceptions, ideas, and/or actions, which go together
Stage
A period in a childs development in which he or she is capable of understanding some things but not others
Reflexive Stage (0-2 months)
Simple reflex activity such as grasping and sucking
Primary Circular Reactions (2-4 months)
Reflexive behaviors occur in stereotyped repitition such as opening and closing fingers repetitively
Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
Repetition of change actions to reproduce interesting consequences such as kicking ones feet to move a mobile suspended over a crib
Coordination of secondary Reactions (8-12 months)
Responses become coordinated into more complex sequences. Actions take on an “intentional character”
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
Discover of new ways to produce the same consequence or obtain the same goal such as the infant may pull a pillow toward him in an attenpt to get a toy resting on it
Invention of new means through mental combination (18-24 months)
Evidence of an internal representational system. Symbolizing the problen-solving sequence before actually responding. Deferred imitation.
Preoperational phase (2-4 years)
Increased use of verbal representation but speech is egocentric. The beginnings of symbolic rather than simple motor play
Intuitive phase (4-7 years)
Speech becomes more social, less egocentric. The child has an intuitive grasp of logical concepts in some areas.
Period of concret operations (7-11 years)
Evidence for organized, logical thought. There is the ability to perform multiple classification tasks,order objects in a logical sequence, and comprehend the principle of coservation
Period of formal operation (11-15 years)
Thought becomes more abstract, incorporating the principles of formal logic. The ability to generate abstract prpositions, multiple hypotheses and their possible outcomes is evident.
Oral Stage
Birth-1 year
Anal stage
1-3 years
Phallic Stage
3-6 years
Latency Stage
6-11 years
Genital Stage
Adolescence
Denial
Complete rejection of the feeling or situation
Suppression
Hiding the feelings and not acknowledging them
Reaction Formation
Turning a feeling into the exact oppostitw feeling. For example, saying you hate someone you are interested in.
Projection
Projection is transferring your thoughts and feelings onto others. For example , someone who is being unfaithful themselves constantly accuses their partner of cheating
Displacement
Feelings are redirected to someone else. Someone who has a bad day at work and cant complain goes home and yells at their kids instead
Rationalization
You deny your feelings and come up with ways to justify your behavior
Regression
Reverting to old behavior to avoid feelings
Sublimation
A type of displacement, redirection of the feeling into a socially productive activity
Self-actualization
Highest needed in hierarchy - level 5
Esteem Needs
Level 4 need
Belonging and Love
Level 3 need
Safety
Level 2 need
Physical needs
Level 1 need
Operant conditioning
Reinforces good behavior
Instructional conditioning
Gives a negative sanction
Extinction
The process of unassociating the condition with thr response
Egocentric behavior
A child does not take into consideration other peoples needs
Social learning theory
Explicit role instruction (stereotypes), boys play with trucks and cars, girls wear make-up
Baby albert
Was kept in a box and conditioned
Stimulus generalization
Something from conditioning carries over to another related area
Naturalistic observation
Search conducted by watching the subject
Ego
The mediator between super ego and id
Id
Primative part of the subconscious which wants food and sex
Super ego
Ethical, super good part of the subconscious
Visual cliff
Experiment to prove infants have depth perception
Object permanance
Understanding that an object does not cease to exist once it has left your vision
Harry Harlow
Monkey experiment- monkeys liked the soft one better
Alfred Binet
Made the first IQ test
Formula to find out IQ
IQ = MENTAL AGE/CALCULATED AGE x 100
Hyperactivity affects what percentage of children?
0.03
Divergent thinking
Creative process lf thinking
Convergent thinking
Follower thinking
Naturalistic observation
Search conducted by watching the subject
Independent variable
The one the researchers have direct control over
Cross sectional studies
When people of different ages are studied at one particular time
Longitudinal studies
Where the people afe followed over a long period of time and checked up on at certain points
Quantitative
The number or amount of something
Kohbergd theory of moral development
How morality is linked to behavior
Preconventional morality
Punishment of obedience phase
Qualitative
Used i statistics, similar in structure or organization
Four steps of the scientific method
Gather information, generate hypothesis, test hypothesis, revise
Conventional morality
Motivation to obey is done from influence of other people
Postconventional morality
Motivation is because law is a higher order
