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PAThophysiology > DSP test > Flashcards

DSP test Flashcards

1
Q

Glycosuria

A

excess sugar in urine

due to untreated diabetes –> kidney did not reabsorb all the glucose therefore glucose failure

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2
Q

Feet that are blue and lack sensation - what does it mean?

A

It means that the feet do not have enough blood supply and not enough oxygen going there.

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3
Q

Painful foot due to blood clot

A

Congestion of blood therefore the tissues become hypoxic (not enough CO2) –> cell death

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4
Q

Antibodies that don’t work, is the infection inflammation/infection?

A

If it was infection/inflammation the antibiotics should work.

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5
Q

Ischaemia

A

Restriction of blood supply to tissues, resulting in a lack of oxygen and glucose needed for metabolism

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6
Q

Aetiology of ischaemia

A

Blood clot / thrombosis

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7
Q

Pes cavus

A

high arched foot

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8
Q

Adhesions

A

car tissue in a body cavity (sticking together) –> organs sticking together, restriction of movement

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9
Q

NSAIDS

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

prevent adhesions and inflammation

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10
Q

What surrounds the tendons of an ankle joint?

A

synovial tendon sheaths

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11
Q

Why would you need ice to be put on a certain area?

A

To reduce vasoconstriction

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12
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Disease caused by medical intervention

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13
Q

Nosocomial

A

Disease contracted in a hospital environment

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14
Q

Transmission of a disease in a hospital setting

A 
Cross contamination
Inadequate sterilisation (process of getting the instruments completely free of organisms)
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15
Q

HBV (acute hepatitis B)

A

Chronic inflammation of the liver

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16
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Inflammation that induces lymphocytes and macrophages (natural killer cells) and macrophages undergoing phagocytosis to go to the site of infection

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17
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Inflammation that brings neutrophils to the infected site (therefore there is pus seen at the site)

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18
Q

Plantar Fasciitis

A

Pain in hell and plantar surface of the foot.

  • -> inflammation, fibrosis, structural deterioration of the plantar fascia.
  • -> musculoskeletal disorder affecting 3-7% of the general population
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19
Q

Why should plantar fasciitis be treated?

A

It causes further issues and problems. Inhibits daily function.

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20
Q

Capsulitis

A

Inflammation of an organ/part or between toe joints

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21
Q

Why should capsulitis be treated with inhibition of inflammation response?

A

Capsulitis needs inflammation to occur.

Also prevents contractures and deformities.

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22
Q

Contracture

A

Abnormal shortening of muscle. The scar tissue causes distortion and deformity

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23
Q

Contraction

A

Skin contraction, an essential part of healing process.

24
Q

Decubitis ulcer (what is it and what are the complications?)

A

Bedsore
Pressure induced ulceration of the skin occurring in persons confined to the bed for a long time
Tissues become necrotic ischaemia and therefore erode.

Complications –> exposure to bacteria and viruses

25
Q

Enchondroma

A

benign growth of cartilage tissue

–> destroys bone

26
Q

Does enchondroma have any harmful effects?

A

Foot pain
Enlargement of affected toe (destroys bone in the localised area as it is encapsulated and cannot go elsewhere)
slow bone growth

27
Q

Verruca plantaris

A

wart on the plantar surface of the feet

– caused by HPV

28
Q

Acral lentiginous melanoma

A

irregular, enlarging black macule with prolonged noninvasive stage, occurring chiefly on palm/soles

29
Q

Chemotherapy

A

kill cancer cells

can work on metastasised cells as well

30
Q

Radiotherapy

A

ionising radiation to a localised area by beaming/inserting into tissues
Doesn’t work on metastasised cells

31
Q

Skin cancer on the lower extremities

A

30% of all primary cutaneous melanomas are on the lower extremities

32
Q

What is the podiatrist’s role of recognising/diagnosing skin cancer?

A

recognise, but no need to diagnose. refer to a specialist health professional for that.

33
Q

Swelling in the ankle and leg

A

blockage accumulation of the blood

34
Q

Discolouration of the leg

A

Due to clotting

35
Q

Developing a DVT?

A 
Obesity
Best Rest (fatty tissue can compress the veins)
Economy class syndrome
36
Q

Swollen legs and ankles (left and right side heart failure)

A

Right side heart failure (due to left side heart failure)
there is an increase in fluid pressure therefore damaging the right side.
leads to right side losing pumping power
blood backs up int he body’s veins therefore there is swollen legs and ankles

37
Q

Silent myocardial infarct

A

necrosis, obstruction and ischaemia

however there are no symptoms

38
Q

Why did a thrombus form on a myocaridal infarct?

A

Damage on the arterial wall therefore aggregation of inflammation and healing therefore there is extra clotting

39
Q

Pulseless lower limb

A

thrombus cause on obstruction of blood supply to the lower limb

40
Q

Occlusion (sudden or gradual?)

A

sudden
acutely ischaemic right lower limb
if it was gradual you would feel pain

41
Q

Normal blood pressure ?

A

90/50 - 120/90 mmHg

42
Q

ABI

A

ankle brachial index

43
Q

Normal ABI value?

A

1.0-1.2

lower it is, the more there is arterial disease. if it is above, there is abnormal vessel hardening

44
Q

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

FH
smoker
HT
hypercholesterolaemia

45
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

clinical diagnosis for muscle pain especially calf muscles
obstructs arteries
insufficient blood flow
metabolic demand increase, therefore requires more oxygenated blood but cannot because ischaemic pain

46
Q

Weakness and difficulty walking

A

blood clotting, TIA, stroke

dribble mouth, cannot dorsiflex very well, shoulder drop

47
Q

Risk factors

A

HT, age, CV disease, HBP, lifestyle, diet, FH

48
Q

Normalative value for a fasting BGL (blood glucose level)?

A

4-6 mmol/L

49
Q

Injecting insulin in a person with type 2 diabetes

A

hyperglycaemia damages the pancreas therefore cannot produce insulin properly. so must inject insulin to compensate for lack of insulin

50
Q

Microangiopathy

A

Disease in the small blood vessels affecting the basement membrane, kidneys and feet.

51
Q

Body organs that are susceptible to damage due to microangiopathy in diabetes?

A

peripheral circulation, kidney, capillaries

52
Q

Underlying disease process that leads to microangiopathy in diabetes?

A

hyperglycaemia –> stimulates endothelial cells to reduce lumen and therefore causes thickening of the basement membrane

53
Q

Addressing onychocryptosis for the long-term?

A

foot wear choices, poor blood flow therefore less blood circulating to the infected area

54
Q

why does diabetes = increased risk of infection?

A

bacteria grow in sugary environments (hyperglycaemia) and leads to increased chance of infection

55
Q

Reviewing patients

A

Every 4-6 weeks

56
Q

What do you say when you refer them to the GP?

A

Tell them what you’re going to do, what their problem is and get them to to prescribe medication accordingly.

PAThophysiology (2 decks)

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