DSM Criteria Final

Question 1

What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD?

Answer 1

A. Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development
B. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present before age 12 years
C. Several inattentive or hyperactive–impulse symptoms are present in 2 or more settings (ex: at home, school, or work, with friends or relatives)
D. Must be clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social academic, or occupational functioning
E. The symptoms don’t occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders and are not better explained by another mental disorder (ex: mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, personality disorder, substance intoxication or withdrawal)

Question 2

What are the symptoms that characterize inattention in ADHD?

Answer 2

a) Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or during other activities
b) Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
c) Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
d) Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace
e) Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities
f) Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort
g) Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities
h) Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
i) Is often forgetful in daily activities

Question 3

What are the symptoms that characterize hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD?

Answer 3

a) Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat
b) Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected
c) Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate
* In adolescents or adults, may be limited to feeling restless
d) Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly
e) Often “on the go,” acting as if “driven by a motor” (ex: is unable to be or is uncomfortable being still for extended time)
f) Often talks excessively
g) Often blurts out answers before a question has been completed
h) Often has difficulty waiting their turn
i) Often interrupts or intrudes on others

Question 4

What are the diagnostic criteria for ODD?

Answer 4

A) Pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months as evidenced by at least 4 symptoms from any of the Angry/Irritable Mood, Argumentative/Defiant Behavior, Vindictiveness categories, and exhibited during interaction with a least one individual who isn’t a sibling
B) Disturbance in behavior is associated with distress in the individual or others in their immediate social context (ex: family peer group, work colleagues), or it impacts negatively on social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
C) Behaviors don’t occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic, substance-use, depressive, or bipolar disorder. Also, the criteria are not met for disruptive mood disorder

Question 5

What are the symptoms that characterize ODD?

Answer 5

Angry/Irritable Mood
○ Often loses temper
○ Is often touchy or easily annoyed
○ Is often angry or resentful

Argumentative/Defiant Behavior
○ Often argues with authority figures or, for children and adolescents, with adults
○ Often actively defies or refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules
○ Often deliberately annoys others
○ Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior

Vindictiveness
○ Has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past 6 months

Question 6

What are the diagnostic criteria for CD?

Answer 6

A. Repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of at least 3 of the 15 symptoms in the past 12 months, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months
B. Disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
C. If the individual is 18 yrs or older, criteria are not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder

Question 7

What are the symptom categories that characterize CD?

Answer 7

• Aggression to People and Animals
• Destruction of Property
• Deceitfulness or Theft
• Serious Violations of Rules

Question 8

What are the symptoms that characterize Aggression to People and Animals in CD?

Answer 8

○ Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others
○ Often initiates physical fights
○ Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others
○ Has been physically cruel to people
○ Has been physically cruel to animals
○ Has stolen while confronting a victim
○ Has forced someone into sexual activity

Question 9

What are the symptoms that characterize Destruction of Property in CD?

Answer 9

○ Has deliberately engaged in fire setting, with the intention of causing serious damage
○ Has deliberately destroyed others’ property (other than by fire setting)

Question 10

What are the symptoms that characterize Deceitfulness or Theft in CD?

Answer 10

○ Has broken into someone else’s house, building, or car
○ Often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (“cons” others)
○ Has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim (ex: shoplifting, but without breaking and entering; forgery)

Question 11

What are the symptoms that characterize Serious Violations of Rules in CD?

Answer 11

○ Often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 years.
○ Has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in parental or parental surrogate home, or once without returning for a lengthy period.
- Is often truant from school, beginning before age 13 years

Question 12

What are the onset specifiers for CD?

Answer 12

• Childhood-onset type: Individuals show at least one symptom characteristic of conduct disorder prior to age 10 years
• Adolescent-onset type: Individuals show no symptom characteristic of conduct disorder prior to age 10 years
• Unspecified onset: Criteria for a diagnosis of conduct disorder are met, but there is not enough information available to determine whether the onset of the first symptom was before or after age 10 years

Question 13

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Substance-Use Disorder (SUD)?

Answer 13

A. A problematic pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least 2 of the following, occurring within a 12-month period (met by an adolescent or adult):
1. Substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended
2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut down or control substance use
3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects
4. There is a craving or a strong desire or urge to use the substance
5. Recurrent substance use results in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (ex: repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use, substance-related absences, suspensions, or expulsions from school, neglect of children or household)
6. Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use
8. There is recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (ex: driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use)
9. Substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance
10. Tolerance, as defined by either or both:
a) A need for markedly increased amounts of substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
b) Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by either:
a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for a substance
b) The same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 14

What are the DSM-5 Specifiers for Substance-Use Disorder (SUD)?

Answer 14

• Specify if:
• In early remission: none of the criteria have been met for at least 3 months but for less than 12 months (except “craving” criterion) -> doesn’t mean you’ve been sober during this time, you just haven’t met criteria for SUD during this time
• In sustained remission: none of the criteria have been met at any time during a period of 12 months or longer (except “craving” criterion)
• Specify if:
• In a controlled environment: used if the individual is in an environment where access to substance is restricted
• Specify current severity:
• Mild: presence of 2-3 symptoms
• Moderate: presence of 4-5 symptoms
• Severe: presence of 6 or more symptoms

Question 15

What are the 4 groupings of symptoms that capture the core features of the DSM-5 Substance-Use Disorder diagnosis?

Answer 15

○ Impaired control (Criteria 1 - 4)
○ Social impairment -> interpersonal problems (Criteria 5 - 7)
○ Risky use -> risk-taking behaviour or risky outcomes (Criteria 8 & 9)
○ Pharmacological criteria -> related to physical dependence (Criteria 10 & 11)

Question 16

What was different about Substance-Use Disorder in the DSM-5?

Answer 16

• DSM-5 was the first to have a unified substance use disorder
• 11th symptom (withdrawal symptoms) was added in the DSM-5 -> important part of SUD and chronic symptom

Question 17

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?

Answer 17

A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least 3 of 8 behaviours
B. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults
C. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
D. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in ASD, delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders, refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia, worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in GAD, or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder

Question 18

What are the 8 symptoms/behaviours of criterion A of Separation Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 18

1. Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures
2. Persistent or excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death
3. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (ex: getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure
4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation
5. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings
6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure
7. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation
8. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (ex: headaches, stomachaches, nausea, vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated

Question 19

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Specific Phobia?

Answer 19

A) Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (ex: flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood)
Note: In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging
B) The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety
C) The phobic object or situation is actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety
D) The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation and to the sociocultural context
E) The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting 6 months or more
F) The fear, anxiety or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
G) The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder, including fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations associated with panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating symptoms (as in agoraphobia), objects or situations related to obsessions (as in OCD), reminders of traumatic events (as in PTSD), separation from home or attachment figures (as in SAD), or social situations (as in social anxiety disorder)

Question 20

What are the specifiers for Specific Phobia?

Answer 20

Specify if:
○ Animal (ex: spiders, insects, dogs)
○ Natural environment (ex: heights, storms, water)
○ Blood, injection, injury (ex: needles, invasive medical procedures)
○ Situational (ex: airplanes, elevators, enclosed places)
○ Other (ex: situations that may lead to choking or vomiting, in children, loud sounds or costumed characters)

Question 21

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)?

Answer 21

A) Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others Ex: social interactions (ex: having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed (ex: eating or drinking), or performing in front of others (ex: giving a speech)
* Note: In children, the anxiety must occur in peer settings and not just during interactions with adults
B) The individual fears that they will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated (will be humiliating or embarrassing, will lead to rejection or offend others)
C) The social situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety
* Note: In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, clinging, shrinking away, or failing to speak in social situations
D) The social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety
E) The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the social situation and to the sociocultural context
F) The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more
G) The fear, anxiety, and avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
H) The fear, anxiety, and avoidance is not attributable to the direct physiological effects of a substance (ex: a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition
I) The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (ex: panic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder)
J) If another medical condition (ex: Parkinson’s disease, obesity, disfigurement from burns or injury) is present, the fear, anxiety, or avoidance is clearly unrelated or is excessive

Question 22

What’s the specifier for Social Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 22

• Specify if:
• Performance only: if fear is restricted to speaking or performing in public

Question 23

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Selective Mutism?

Answer 23

• Children fail to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation to speak (ex: school), even though they may speak loudly and frequently at home or in other settings
• Child’s disturbance interferes with educational or work achievement or with social communication
• Present for at least one month
• Not limited to a lack of knowledge or discomfort with the spoken language required in the social situation
• Not better explained by a communication disorder
• Does not occur only during the course of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or another psychotic disorder

Question 24

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Panic Disorder?

Answer 24

A) Recurrent unexpected panic attacks
B) At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one or both of the following:
- Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences (ex: losing control, having a heart attack, “going crazy”)
- Significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks (ex: behaviors designed to avoid having panic attacks, such as avoidance of exercise or unfamiliar situations)
C) The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (ex: drug of abuse, medication) or another medical condition (ex: hyperthyroidism, cardiopulmonary disorders)
D) The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder

Question 25

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Agoraphobia?

Answer 25

A) Marked fear or anxiety about 2 (or more) of 5 situations
B) The individual fears or avoids these situations because of thoughts that escape might be difficult or help might not be available in the event of developing panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms (ex: fear of falling in the elderly; fear of incontinence)
C) The agoraphobic situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety
D) The agoraphobic situations are actively avoided, require the presence of a companion, or are endured with intense fear or anxiety
E) The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the agoraphobic situations and to the sociocultural context
F) The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more
G) The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
H) If another medical condition (ex: inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson’s disease) is present, the fear, anxiety, or avoidance is clearly excessive
I) The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder
Note: agoraphobia is diagnosed irrespective of the presence of panic disorder. If an individual’s presentation meets criteria for panic disorder and agoraphobia, both diagnoses should be assigned

Question 26

What are the 5 situations in Criterion A of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Agoraphobia?

Answer 26

1. Using public transportation (ex: automobiles, buses, trains, ships, planes)
2. Being in open spaces (ex: parking lots, marketplaces, bridges)
3. Being in enclosed spaces (ex: shops, theatres, cinemas)
4. Standing in line or being in a crowd
5. Being outside of the home alone

Question 27

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 27

A) Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities (ex: work or school performance)
B) The individual finds it difficult to control the worry
C) The anxiety and worry are associated with 3 (or more) of 6 symptoms (with at least some symptoms present for more days than not for the past 6 months)
Note: Only one item is required for children
D) The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
E) The disturbance is not due to the general physiological effects of a substance (ex: a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (ex: hyperthyroidism)
F) The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder

Question 28

What are the 6 symptoms in Criterion C of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 28

1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
2. Being easily fatigued
3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
4. Irritability
5. Muscle tension
6. Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless unsatisfying sleep)

Question 29

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Answer 29

A) Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both
B) The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (ex: take more than 1 hour per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
C) The obsessive–compulsive symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (ex: a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition
D) The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder

Question 30

Describe the DSM-5 criteria for obsessions in OCD

Answer 30

• Obsessions are defined by:
  1. Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted, and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress
  2. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action (by performing a compulsion)

Question 31

Describe the DSM-5 criteria for compulsions in OCD

Answer 31

• Compulsions are defined by:
  1. Repetitive behaviors (ex: hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (ex: praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly
  2. The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation, however, these behaviors or mental acts are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent, or are clearly excessive
• Note: Young children may not be able to articulate the aims of these behaviors or mental acts

Question 32

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)?

Answer 32

A. Severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally (ex: verbal rages) and/or behaviorally (ex: physical aggression toward people or property) that are largely out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation
B. The temper outbursts are inconsistent with developmental level
C. The temper outbursts occur, on average, 3 or more times per week
D. The mood between temper outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day, and is observable by others (ex: parents, teachers, peers)
E. Symptoms are present for 12 months or more
F. Not diagnosed before age 6 or after age 18
G. Age at onset of the outbursts and irritable mood is before age 10
H. Child has never met criteria (except duration) for a manic or a hypomanic episode (even lasting one day)

Question 33

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Answer 33

A. 5 (or more) of related symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
- Note: don’t include symptoms that are clearly attributable to another medical condition
B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
C. The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to another medical condition
- Note: Criteria A-C represent a major depressive episode
- Note: Responses to a significant loss (ex: bereavement, financial ruin, losses from a natural disaster, a serious medical illness or disability) may include the feelings of intense sadness, rumination about the loss, insomnia, poor appetite, and weight loss noted in Criterion A, which may resemble a depressive episode. Although such symptoms may be understandable or considered appropriate to the loss, the presence of a major depressive episode in addition to the normal response to a significant loss should also be carefully considered. This decision requires the exercise of clinical judgment based on the individual’s history and the cultural norms for the expression of distress in the context of loss
D. The occurrence of the major depressive episode is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified and unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
E. There has never been a manic episode or hypomanic episode
- Note: This exclusion doesn’t apply if all of the manic-like or hypomanic-like episodes are substance-induced or are attributable to the physiological effects of another medical condition

Question 34

What are the 9 symptoms that characterize criterion A of MDD?

Answer 34

1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (ex: feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others (ex: appears tearful)
   - Note: In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by subjective account or observation)
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (ex: change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day
   - Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight gains
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down)
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick)
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others)
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide

Question 35

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)?

Answer 35

The following 3 criteria must be met:
A) Deficits in intellectual functions (ex: reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience) confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized, standardized intelligence testing
B) Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility. Without ongoing support, the adaptive deficits limit functioning in one or more activities of daily life (ex: communication, social participation, and independent living) across multiple environments (ex: home, school, work, and community)
C) Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental period

Question 36

Describe the severity specifiers for Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)

Answer 36

Specify current severity:
* Mild Intellectual Disability: children often show small delays in development during the preschool years, but typically are not identified until academic or behavior problems emerge during the early elementary years
* Moderate Intellectual Disability: children and adolescents at this level of impairment are more intellectually and adaptively impaired than someone with mild intellectual disability, and are usually identified during the preschool years, when they show delays in reaching early developmental milestones
* Severe Intellectual Disability: most of these individuals suffer one or more organic causes of impairment, such as genetic defects, and are identified at a very young age because they have substantial delays in development and visible physical features or anomalies
* Profound Intellectual Disability: individuals with this disability are typically identified in infancy because of marked delays in development and biological anomalies such as asymmetrical facial features

Question 37

The 4 levels of severity in IDD are defined based on adaptive functioning in what 3 primary domains?

Answer 37

• Conceptual
• Social
• Practical

Question 38

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Answer 38

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by all 3 related behaviours (currently or by history)
B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least 2 of 4 related behaviours (currently or by history)
C. Symptoms must be present in early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities, or may be masked by learned strategies in later life)
D. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning
E. These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability (IDD) or global developmental delay. Intellectual disability and ASD frequently co-occur, to make comorbid diagnoses of ASD and intellectual disability, social communication should be below that expected for general developmental level

Question 39

List the specifiers for ASD

Answer 39

• Specify if:
  ○ With or without accompanying intellectual impairment
  ○ With or without accompanying language impairment
  ○ Associated with a known medical or genetic condition or environmental factor
  ○ Associated with another neurodevelopmental, mental, or behavioral disorder
  ○ With catatonia

Question 40

What are the 3 behaviours related to criterion A of ASD?

Answer 40

1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, ranging, from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation, to reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect, to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions
2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, ranging from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication, to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures, to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication
3. Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships, ranging from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts, to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends, to absence of interest in peers

Question 41

What are the 4 behaviours related to criterion B of ASD?

Answer 41

1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (ex: simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases)
2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior (ex: extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat same food every day).
3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (ex: strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interests)
4. Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment (ex: apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement)

Question 42

What are the DSM-5 specifiers for PTSD?

Answer 42

Specify if:
* With dissociative symptoms: The individual’s symptoms meet the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder, and the individual experiences persistent or recurrent symptoms of either of the following:
1. Depersonalization: Persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from, and as if one were an outside observer of, one’s mental processes or body (ex: feeling as though one were in a dream; feeling a sense of unreality of self or body or of time moving slowly).
2. Derealization: Persistent or recurrent experiences of unreality of surroundings (ex: the world around the individual is experienced as unreal, dreamlike, distant, or distorted).
○ Note: To use this subtype, the dissociative symptoms must not be attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (ex: blackouts) or another medical condition (ex: complex partial seizures)

Specify if:
- With delayed expression: If the full diagnostic criteria are not met until at least 6 months after the event (although the onset and expression of some symptoms may be immediate)

Question 43

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD?

Answer 43

A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) different ways
B. Presence of one (or more) of intrusive symptoms associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event(s) occurred
C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by one or both of avoidance behaviour
D. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by 2 (or more) related behaviours
E. Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by 2 (or more) of related behaviours
F. Duration of the disturbance (Criteria B, C, D and E) is more than 1 month
G. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
H. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (ex: medication, alcohol) or another medical condition

Question 44

What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD for Children 6 Years and Younger?

Answer 44

A. In children 6 years and younger, exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) of different ways
B. Presence of one (or more) of intrusive symptoms associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event(s) occurred
C. One (or more) of symptoms representing either persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event(s) or negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event(s), must be present, beginning after the event(s) or worsening after the event(s)
D. Alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by 2 (or more) of related symptoms
E. The duration of the disturbance is more than a month
F. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in relationships with parents, siblings, peers, or with school behavior
G. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (ex: medication or alcohol) or another medical condition

Question 45

What are the social information processing steps?

Answer 45

• What do I pay attention to? (encoding)
• What does it mean? (interpretation)
• What can I do? (response search)
• What will I do? (response decision)
• How well did I do it? (enactment)

Question 46

What’s social information processing?

Answer 46

A series of cognitive steps that take a person from situation to action

Question 47

Describe Social Information Processing and Aggressive Behavior

Answer 47

• Encoding (what to pay attention to) -> little is known about encoding and aggressive behaviors
• Interpretation -> Hostile attribution bias (robust evidence linking hostile attribution bias and aggressive behavior)
• Children with aggressive behavior problems are more likely to think the other child did it on purpose
• Response Search -> children who are higher in aggression tend to generate fewer possible actions and more of these will be aggressive and less will be prosocial
• Response Decision (evaluate response on different dimensions)
• Outcome expectancies – what will happen if I do this?
• Self-efficacy – how well can I carry out this response?
• Children who are aggressive perceive themselves as being very able to carry out those behaviors
• Response Decision (what will I actually do?)
  -> children who are aggressive pick aggressive strategies
• Enactment (carry out the response) -> how well can you actually do it?
• Can children with aggressive behavior problems carry out other types of responses?
• Very little work examining this issue

Question 48

What’s the hostile attribution bias?

Answer 48

In neutral/ambiguous situations someone assumes that what someone else did to them had negative intentions

Question 49

Cross-sectional benefits/disadvantages

Answer 49

Benefits
* Compare cohorts of different ages to one another at a given
time
* Relatively cheap and practical

Drawbacks
* Can’t learn about how individual people change with age
* Age effects are confounded with cohort effects

Question 50

Longitudinal benefits/disadvantages

Answer 50

Benefits:
* Can make within-subject comparisons
* No cohort effects

Drawbacks
* Subjects drop out
* May be effects of repeated testing
* Requires foresight (and funding)
* Time consuming
* Age effects confounded with time of measurement effects

Question 51

Sequential benefits/disadvantages

Answer 51

Benefit: Helps disentangle age effects from (1) cohort effects & (2) time of measurement effects
Drawback: Very time-consuming, complex, & expensive