DSA - Biomolecules Flashcards
Starch
Polysaccharide of Glucose
Sucrose
Disaccharide of glucose and fructose
Lactose
Disaccharide of glucose and galactose
Lactose Intolerance
:the body’s inability to easily digest Lactose due to genetic deficiency of lactase, with an age-dependent decrease in production of the enzyme (infant possess sufficient quantities). Results in gas, belly pain, and bloating within 2 hours of consuming lactose.
Blood glucose
Regulated by insulin and glucagon
• Normal: 70-100 mg/dL (fasting), ≤ 140 mg/dL (fed)
• Hypoglycemia: ≤ 60 mg/dL (hunger, sweating, trembling)
• Diabetes mellitus: ≥ 126 mg/dL (fasting), ≥199 mg/dL (fed)
• ≤ 40 mg/dL: convulsions, coma, brain damage, death
Glycolysis
the metabolism of glucose
• Process by which most cells generate energy (2 molecules
of ATP formed) • Break 6 C’s of glucose to 2x 3 C’s of pyruvate; energy
production continues in mitochondria with O2 • Aerobic conditions → suppress glycolysis (except cancers) • Used to help screen for cancers via PET scans
Sugar alcohols
food additives, significance in uncontrolled diabetes
cataracts and peripheral neuropathy
Bond between carbohydrates
Glycosidic linkage
Linkage between Amylose
a(1-4)
Linkage between Amylopectin
a(1-4) and a(1-6)
Lipid Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin DAKE
ω-3 ω-6 fatty acids (pg. 31)
essential fatty acids
• “3” and “6” denote carbon location of terminal double bond • Linolenic acid is a common ω-3 fatty acids • Linoleic and Arachidonic acids are common ω-6 fatty acids
Isoprenoids
Synthesized from acetyl CoA via intermediate IPP (isopentenyl
pyrophosphate).
Gallstones
The gallbladder stores lipid- emulsifying bile. Nonideal bile composition including too much cholesterol and too little bile salts cause formation of crystalline gallstones in the gall bladder. Continued disturbances in metabolism can lead to malabsorption (steatorrhea) and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. Oral chenodeoxycholic acid can help dissolve gallstones.
