DS1: Was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start? Flashcards
What was the impact of the naval blockade in Germany? [2]
- Many civilians died from malnutrition
- Iron and steel shortages
- Less food for animals causing food shortage
What was going on in September 1918? [3]
- The British blockade was causing food shortages
- Potato shortage in 1917 meant people were living on turnips
- Less support for the war due to this
- Flu epidemic killing thousands
What was going on in October 1918?
- Final suicidal attack on the royal navy in which 3 ships mutinied
- Naval mutiny in Kiel
When was the Armistice signed and when did the Kaiser flee?
- 11th November 1918
- The Kaiser fled on the 9th
What was the political situation in Germany post-WW1
Bad; there was unrest in Berlin, the Kaiser had fled, and there were numerous attempted coups.
What impacts did WW1 have on Germany? [3]
- Humiliated, loss of the Germany army pride
- 2 million fatherless children
- Industrial production at 2/3rds of 1913
- “Dolschtoss” myth made people hate the Weimar Republic
How did German people react to the new Republic? [4]
- Ebert was opposed by the right wing
- Right-wing judiciary, civil service, army, loyal to the Kaiser
- “Dolschtoss” myth against Ebert
- Communists wanting a revolution(like the Bolsheviks in 1917) also didn’t like Ebert
What were the main features of the Weimar Constitution? [4]
- Based in Weimar because Berlin was too unstable
- Proportional Representation was the voting system
- Chancellor was appointed from the Reichstag by the President
- President was head of state(mainly ceremonial work)
- Chancellor appointed government ministers
What is article 48?
A part of the constitution stating that the President could rule without the approval of the Reichstag.
What were the weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution? [3]
- Proportional Representation meant that minority, often extremist parties, had a say and so it was hard to maintain a majority.
- It also meant it was hard for one party alone to have a majority so coalition govts. were weak and indecisive.
- President could use article 48 and become a dictator.
What were main economic challenges facing the republic when it was established? [2]
- War brought the country close to bankruptcy
- Alsace-Lorraine, rich in iron, was returned to France in the ToV
- Industry had to change from weapon to infrastructure
Why did some political groups oppose the Weimar Republic? [3]
- Right wing was loyal to Kaiser and wanted him back
- Left wing wanted a communist revolution and wanted a worker-run Germany
- They were not used to coalition governments and the Weimar Republic were associated with the November Criminals and the ToV and were therefore were disliked.
What(and when) was the Spartacist uprising? [4]
- January 1919; led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
- Seized newspaper offices in Berlin and fought in the streets
- Ebert used the Freikorps to crush the uprising as they had WW1 weapons and hated the left
- RL and KL executed on 15th Jan and 100 civilians killed in the fighting.
What(and when) were the Bavarian uprising and Red Risings in the Ruhr? [2]
- Bavarian Uprising 1919; Kurt Eisner, leader of Bavaria assassinated and Bavarian Communists declared it a free soviet republic. Crushed again by Freikorps. 600 communists dead.
- Red Rising in the Ruhr 1920; Protests and clashes with police, army, and Freikorps. 2000 casualties.
What were the effects of the ToV on Germany?
- Lost 10% of all land
- Armed forces reduced to 100,000
- Supporters of govt. felt betrayed; why punish so harshly if the Kaiser was gone?
- “Dolschtoss” myth began spreading against Weimar Republic.
- Lost 48.5% of iron and steel industry