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Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Lec > Drying > Flashcards

Drying Flashcards

1
Q

Convective drying

A

Drying of Wet Solids

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2
Q

Conductive drying

A

Drying of Wet Solids

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3
Q

Radiation drying

A

Drying of Wet Solids

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4
Q

Fixed (or static) bed convective drying

A

Convective drying of wet solids

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5
Q

Dynamic convective driers

A

Convective drying of wet solids

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6
Q

Factors affecting drying in this manner can be illustrated by reference to the construction and use if a simple form of drier – the tray (shelf or compartment) drier

A

Fixed (or static) bed convective drying

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7
Q

Fluidized bed drier

A

Dynamic convective driers

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8
Q

An excellent method of obtaining good contact between the warm drying air and wet particles is found in fluidized bed drier

A

Dynamic convective driers

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9
Q

General principle of Fluidized bed drier

A

fluidization

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10
Q

In this process the wet solid is in thermal contact with a hot surface and the bulk of heat transfer occurs by conduction

A

Conductive Drying of Wet Solids

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11
Q

Vacuum oven and vacuum tumbling drier

A

Conductive Drying of Wet Solids

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12
Q

Consists of jacketed vessel sufficiently stout in construction to withstand vacuum within the oven and steam pressure in the jacket

A

Vacuum Oven

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13
Q

Main advantage – is that drying takes place at a low temperature, and as there is little air present there is minimum risk of oxidation. The temperature of the drying solid will rise to the steam or water temperature at the end of the drying, but this is not usually harmful

A

Vacuum Oven

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14
Q

One design of tumbler drier resembles a large Y cone mixer

A

Vacuum Tumbling Drier

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15
Q

The vessel is steam jacketed and is connected to a vacuum.

A

Vacuum Tumbling Drier

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16
Q

It can be used for drying tablet granules, which tumble over the heated surface as the vessel slowly revolves.

A

Vacuum Tumbling Drier

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17
Q

Heat transfer rates in this equipment are much higher than can be attained in a convectional vacuum oven, where the material is static

A

Vacuum Tumbling Drier

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18
Q

Radiant heat transmission

A

Radiation Drying of Wet Solids

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19
Q

use of microwave radiation

A

Radiation Drying of Wet Solids

20
Q

Differs from heat transfer by conduction or convection in that no transfer medium (solid, liquid, or gaseous) need be present

A

Radiant Heat Transmission

21
Q

Heat energy in the form of radiation can cross empty space or travel through the atmosphere virtually without loss. If it falls on a body capable of absorbing it then it appears as heat, although a proportion maybe reflected or transmitted

A

Radiant Heat Transmission

22
Q

________ radiation is seldom used as heat source because it is absorbed very quickly and does not penetrate far into the wet mass. The surface layers dry quickly and the absorption of further energy then raises the temperature of the dry material to a high value, which is often detrimental to the product

A

Infrared

23
Q

______ radiation in the wavelength range 10 nm to 1 m penetrates much better than IR radiation

A

Microwave

24
Q

Microwaves are produced by an electronic device known as

A

magnetron

25
Q

To avoid interference with radio and tv microwave is permitted to operated only at certain frequencies, which normally ____________

A

960 and 2450 MHz

26
Q

rapid drying at fairly low temperature

A

Advantages of Microwave Drying

27
Q

Thermal efficiency is high, as the drier casing and
the air remain cool

A

Advantages of Microwave Drying

28
Q

Batch size of Microwave Drying in commercial production microwave driers is _____ than those available for fluidized bed driers

A

smaller

29
Q

objective of these driers is to spread the liquid to a large surface area for heat and mass transfer and to provide an effective means of collecting the dry solids

A

Driers for Dilute Solutions and
Suspensions

30
Q

spreading the liquid to a thin film on to a drum

A

Drum driers

31
Q

dispersing the liquid to a spray of small droplets

A

spray driers

32
Q

Drum driers and spray driers

A

Driers for Dilute Solutions and
Suspensions

33
Q

Can handle a variety of materials, either as solutions or as suspensions

A

Drum Driers

34
Q

substances that
are dried by this method include starch products, ferrous salts and suspensions of kaolin and zinc oxide

A

Drum Driers

35
Q

Method gives rapid drying, the thin film spread over a large area resulting in rapid heat and mass transfer

A

Advantages of Drum Driers

36
Q

equipment is compact, occupying much less space than the spray drier

A

Advantages of Drum Driers

37
Q

Heating time is short, being only a few seconds

A

Advantages of Drum Driers

38
Q

drum can be enclosed in vacuum jacket,
enabling the temperature of drying to be reduced

A

Advantages of Drum Driers

39
Q

product is obtained in flake form, which is convenient for many purposes

A

Advantages of Drum Driers

40
Q

Operating conditions are critical and it is necessary to impose careful control on feed rate, film thickness, speed of drum rotation and drum temperature

A

Disadvantage of Drum Drier

41
Q

Provides a large surface area for heat and mass transfer by atomizing the liquid to small droplets

A

Spray Drier

42
Q

These are sprayed into a stream of hot air, so that each droplet dries to an individual solid particle

A

Spray Drier

43
Q

The equipment is very bulky, and with the ancillary equipment is expensive. In a large installation the drying chamber alone may be as much as 15 m in height and 6 m in diameter

A

Disadvantages of Spray Drying Process

44
Q

overall thermal efficiency is rather low, as the air must still be hot enough when it leaves the drier to avoid condensation of moisture

A

Disadvantages of Spray Drying Process

45
Q

include citric acid, sodium phosphate gelatin, starch, barium sulfate, calc

A

Spray Drying Process

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Lec (3 decks)

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