Drugs Year 1 Med Flashcards
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
Antipyretic / Analgesic
Inhibits COX1/COX2 to stop prostaglandin release
Can cause fats heart rate and low blood pressure
Overdose - thrombocytopenia, renal tubular necrosis, hypoglycemic coma
Ibuprofen
NSAID - minor aches and pains, reduce fever
Blocks COX1/2 stop prostaglandin releases
Overdose - dizziness, abdominal pain, ringing in ears, nausea, bloating, gas
rare cases - apnea, metabolic acidosis hyperkalemia and renal failure
Codeine
opiod central analgesic, sedative, hypnotic
targets mu opiod receptor when converted into morphine in the body
risks - confusion, shallow breathing, nausea vomiting, lack of appetite, respiratory depression
can cause uncontrolled epilepsy
Chlorpheniramine
allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma
H1 Antagonist - inhibit histamine release
can cause sedation, blurred vision
Cimetidine (Gaviscon)
inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrins output - antacid = used for peptic ulcer, heartburn, GERD
competitively H2 antagonist
overdose - nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, difficulty breathing, tachycardia
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)
anti-inflammatory and antipyretic, inhibits platelet aggregation used to prevent stroke, MI, unstable angina, TIA
irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor, reduces synthesis of thromboxane A2
don’t use 1st and 2nd trimester pregnancy
used in children older than 16
can cause bronchospasm, tinnitus, GI irritation, ulceration and haemorrhage
Unfractionated/LMW Heparin
anticoagulant - binds reversibly to antithrombin iii and stimulates it to inactivate factor iia and xa
uses - prevent post op DVT, pulmonary embolism, unstable angina, patients with atrial fibrillation
can induce thrombocytopenia, long term use associated with osteoporosis, internal/external bleeding
LMW - less specific for thrombin
Warfarin
anticoagulant - vitamin K antagonist (inhibits vit K epoxide reductase, blocks clotting factors ii, vii, ix, x
used in pul embolism, atrial fib, cardiac valve replacement, reduce MI, stroke, TIA risk
can cause major bleeding in GIT, epistaxis (nose bleeds) and ecchymoses (bruising)
if overdoes give vit k or prothrombin
can cause foetal warfarin syndrome - 2nd 3rd Trimester = microcephaly, seizures etc
Factor VIII
antihaemophillic - helps for platelet plug
used to control patients with haemophilia A or aqruied factor VIII deficiency
Abciximab
inhibits platelet aggregation
binds to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa on platelets (prevents binding of adhesive molecules such as VWF/fibrinogen)
Clopidogrel
platelet aggregation inhibitor, reduce risk of (ST elevated) MI, stroke and ACS (acute coronary syndrome)
irreversible bind to P2Y receptors on platelets (stops binding of ADP)
can cause haemorrhage, hepatic/renal impairment
overdose needs blood transfusion as binds for 11 days
Streptokinase
thrombolytic agent - eliminate blood clot or arterial blockages
binds to plasminogen which converts it to plasmin - degrades fibrin/fibrinogen clots
Sildenafil
vasodilator, prevents breakdown of cGMP (inhibits PDE5)
treat ED, pul hypertension
Captopril
competitive ACE inhibitor - stops conversion of AT1 - AT2
used in the treatment of hypertension
overdose can leads to hypotension, emesis and angioedema
Selegiline (Emsam)
irreversible type B monoamine oxidase inhibitor
used to treat ADHD, major depression disorder, parkinson’s disease at low doses
Phenelzine (Nardil)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor - blocks breakdown of serotonin, epin, dopa, norepin.
used to treat major depression, anxiety disorder, panic disorder
Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
irreversible Monoamine oxidase inhibitor - blocks breakdown of serotonin, epin, dopa, norepin.
used to treat major depression, atypical disorder, panic, phobias
Duloxetine
serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
used in many things such as neuropathic pain, anxiety, depression, osteoarthritis and stress
overdose seizure, tachycardia, emesis, coma, syncope
Venlafaxine
serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
used in many things such as neuropathic pain, anxiety, depression, vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause, OCD
overdose seizure, tachycardia, emesis, coma, syncope
Kinase inhibitor (-nib eg getfitinib/sorafenib)
used to treat cancers
inhibits cell proliferation
can cause diarrhoea and skin rash
Neostigmine
reversible cholinesterase inhibitor (not cross BB) - ie more Aches = more muscle contraction
used to treat myasthenia gravis and reverse effects of muscle relaxants
overdose - cholinergic crisis, weak respiration muscle = death
Edrophonium
short acting cholinesterase inhibitor (longer presence of ACh) used in cardiac arrhythmia and myasthenia gravis
also used as antidote to curare poisoning
can cause sweating, bradycardia, nausea, increased saliva
Apixibam
factor Xa inhibitor - prevent formation of thrombus
reduce risk of stroke and systemic embolism with A fib , reduce risk of DVT
Primaquine
used to treat malarias and other plasmodium diseases
Amiodarone
class 3 antiarrythmic drug such as for V fib and V tachy blocks K currents increasing repolarisation time in the heart - increase AP time
overdose can cause arrhythmia, AV block and liver toxicity
Asparaginase
anti tumour, depletes asparaginase (needed for DNA) = apoptosis of cells
used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Sotalol
class 3 antiarrythmic - used in ventricular arrhythmias and A fib/flutter inhibits k channels and B1 adrenoreceptors = slow repolarisation time
overdose - bradycardia, bronchospasm, hypoglycaemia, hypotension
Ateplase (Tissue Plasminogen Activator - TPA)
used for MI, Acute ischaemic stroke and lysis of pulmonary embolism
activates plasmin which degrades fibrin exerting thrombolytic action
Diltiazem
antihypertensive, vasodilator and calcium channel blocker (effects cardiac and vascular muscle)
used in short term management of A fib and lowers blood pressure - anginal pain
overdose can lead to bradycardia, hypotension, lethargy, heart failure
Dabigatran
reversibly binds to thrombin - anticoagulant
used to prevent blood clots and reduce risk of stroke and A fib, pul embolism
can cause bleeding and gastritis
Verapamil
calcium channel blocker (L type)
used for hypertension, arrythmias, and angina mainly (similar to diltiazem)
overdoes = hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmia, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Salbutamol
short acting selective B2 agonist used in treatment of asthma and COPD (bronchodilator - relax bronchiole smooth muscle)
overdose = angina, dizziness, fatigue, hypokalaemia, tachycardia
Propafenone
antiarrythmia - mainly ventricular
reduces upstroke velocity of phase 0 ie Na influx also prolongs refractory period
overdose - convulsions, hypotension, lethargy
Propranolol
Mainly used to treat hypertension - helps with angina, CHD, A fib, migraine and MI
non-selective B adrenergic antagonist
overdose - hypotension, bronchospasm in asthma patients, bradycardia
Flecanide
Class 1 anti-arrythmic - prevent supraventricular arrhythmias and ventricular arrhythmias and A fib
blocks sodium influx and prolongs refractory period
overdose / toxicity seen by ECG abnormalities, hypotension, bradycardia, death risk
Atenolol
B1 selective antagonist
used in management of hypertension, angina with coronary atherosclerosis, MI risk
can cause bronchoconstriction which is at risk for asthma patients
Nitroglycerin
vasodilator used to treat chest pain (angina) and hypertension, treat acute HF
metabolised to produce NO = cGMP = dilation
overdoes = syncope, seizures, palpitations, dysponea, fever
Tubocurarine
diagnosis agent for myasthenia gravis - neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant - nicotinic antagonist)
Tiotropium
long acting bronchodilator - antagonist of M3 receptors in the lungs - relaxation
used to prevent exarcebations in COPD patients and asthma in kids older than 6
overdoes - severe constipation, tremor and abdominal pain
Succinylcholine
used in surgical situations such as intubation - muscle relaxant, rapid onset and brief duration
mimics ACh without degradation
Omalizumab
anti IgE used to treat moderate to severe persistent asthma
also treats chronic idiopathic urticaria (Hives - allergic rash)
Beclomethasone
used to treat asthma as prophylactic therapy in patients older than 5 (not for relief of bronchospasm)
also used to prevent corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses (stop inflammatory responses)
long term use can lead to adrenal suppression
Sarin
organophosphate - inhibit AChE - can’t breath or move - asphyxiation
Fluticasone
asthma, inflammatory and pruritic dermatoses, perennial allergic rhinitis (constant runny nose)
Tetrodotoxin
chronic pain in advanced cancer patients and treatment of opiod dependance
causes paralysis as blocks fast opening sodium channels
Quinidine
treatment of ventricular pre-excitation and cardiac dysrhythmias
blocks sodium channels mainly in purkinje fibres
Ipratropium
antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor - bronchodilation
used for severe exacerbations of asthma, COPD, emphysema
Montelukast
treatment of chronic asthma, exercise induced bronchospasm, seasonal rhinitis
overdose - abdominal pain, thirst, headache, vomiting
Prednisone
anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive
Nedocromil
Treat mild to moderate asthma - inhibits inflammatory cell types (mast cells, eosinophils etc)
no bronchodilator activity
side affects - headache, shortness of breath, blurred vision, nasal congestion
Theophylline
treats bronchoconstriction - smooth muscle relaxant
ovedose - seizures, GI irritation, arrythmias
Ketotifen
non-competitive H1 receptor antagonist and blocks inflammatory mediators (mast cells)
used for asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies
often comes with headaches
Phenytoin
anticonvulsant for seizures - sodium channel blocker
Lisinopril
ACEi - stops AG1 to AG2
used for MI, hypertension, migraine
excessive use can cause hypotension
Furosemide
loop diuretic block reabsorption of Na and Cl at PCT and DCT = less water reabsorption
used to treat hypertension, Congestive HF, IV for pulmonary oedema
can cause low electrolytes, arrhythmias, hypotension, confusion and hepatic coma
Simvastatin
inhibits HMG CoA reductase
used fro hyperlipiaemia - reduce cholesterol and increase amount of HDL
Ramipril
ACEi - severe hypertension, MI, stroke risk
stops AG1 - AG2
can cause dry cough, peripheral vasodilation
Candestartan
ARB - hypertension
Bendroflumethiazide
stops chloride/Na reabsorption ie more water loss - diuretic
hypertension, HF
Celecoxib
COX2 inhibitor - reduce pain and inflammation
NSAID - benefit of having reduced risk of GIT bleeding
treat osteoarthritis and RA
may cause increased risk of thrombosis
overdose - GIT bleeding, hypertension, nausea, stomach pain, difficulty breathing
Ranitidine
reversible H2 receptor antagonist (stops release from parietal cells)
treat duodenal ulcer and other gastric acid secreting conditions heart burn, peptic ulcer, zollinger ellison
Famotidine
potent competitive H2 antagonist
treat gastric ulcers and GERD and other acid secreting conditions
stops histamine activating parietal cells
Lansoprazole
PPI - stops HKATPase pumps - reduces gastric acid secretion
treat ulcers and GERD
helicobactor pylori - covalently bind
can cause constipation, abdominal pain and nausea
faster effect than omeprazole
Omeprazole
PPI - stops HKATPase pumps - reduces gastric acid secretion
treat ulcers and GERD
helicobactor pylori - covalently bind
can cause constipation, abdominal pain and nausea
Diazepam
anticonvulsant, sedative, muse relaxant, anxiolytic
used for - anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, epilepsy/seizure, skeletal muscle spasm
increases effect of gaba
can cause - ataxia, drowsiness, dysarthria, sedation, muscle weakness, profound sleep, hypotension, bradycardia, nystagmus
Disulfiram
treatment of chronic alcoholism
blocks oxidation of alcohol - makes you feel unwell
can cause GI disturbances, drowsiness and irritation
Naltrexone
used to treat opioid addiction and alcohol dependance (also in severe pain)
opiate antagonist
overdose - salivation, depression, tremors, convulsions
Acamprosate
alcohol dependance
can cause diarrhoea
Cyclosporin
calcineurin inhibitor - used to treat autoimmune conditions and prevent organ transplant rejection
severe RA
overdose leads to hepatotoxicity
Sulfasalazine
used to treat IDB’s - crohns and RA, mild UC
its metabolites 5ASA and SP cause effect
Azathioprine
treats CD, RA, stops kidney transplant rejection
inhibits B and T cells
overdose - bone marrow hypoplasia, bleeding and infection
Natalizumab
used to treat MS
inhibits adhesion of leukocytes - stops them crossing the BBB
Vedolizumab
moderate/ Severe UC/Crohns
inhibits GIT inflammation
inhibits a4b7 intergrin - stops adhesion of lymphocytes
Vercirnon
IBD - UC and CD - stops migrations of WBC
Rifampicin
antibiotic = broad spectrum (mycobacterium) - stops RNA synthesis = cell death
used in TB or TB infections
chronic exposure may cause nausea and vomiting
Chloramphenicol
Antibiotic - first discovered broad spectrum
used in the treatment of cholera - inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria via ribosomes
can cause gray syndrome in newborns
Atropine
reverses cholinesterase inhibitors
used in many things - peptic ulcer, AV heart block, bronchospasm, bradycardia
inhibits ACh receptors
overdose can lead to wide spread paralysis
Methotrexate
used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, RA and other forms of cancer
inhibits nucleotide synthesis and apoptosis
overdose - GIT bleeding, ulceration, nausea, anaemia
Metformin
aids in glycemic control with DM type 2
risk of lactic acidosis
Misoprostol
Used for those with high risk NSAID ulceration but not duodenal ulcers
treats RA and osteoarthritis and management of miscarriages
stops secretion of gastric acid from parietal cells while stimulating bicarbonate and mucus secretion
Adrenaline
used in emergency allergic reactions (asthma insects etc), restore cardiac rhythm in cardiac arrest
acts on a and b adrenergic receptors
can cause anxiety, headache, tremor, haemorrhage, nausea
Mesalazine
anti-inflammatory, used in UC and CD its a 5ASA
can nausea, tinnitus, headache, sweatiness, hyperventilation
Infliximab
monoclonal antibody disrupts pro-inflammatory cascade used in CD, UC, RA - stops TNF-a binding with its target
Disulphiram
treatment of chronic alcoholism - blocks oxidation of alcohol
makes you feel unwell when you drink
overdose - mild GI disturbances, slight drowsiness
Orlistat
for obesity management - reversible inhibitor of lipase - can’t turn dietary fat into absorbable fatty acids
Hydrocortisone
targets glucocorticoid receptor - inhibits phospholipase a2, NFkB and other inflammatory factors
low dose = anti-inflammatory high dose = immunosuppressive
chronic use can lead to water retention, hyper tension, acne, allergy, metabolic acidosis
Carbimazole
antithyroid agent - treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis
inhibits thyroid peroxidase - stops production of T3 and T4
Noradrenaline
a1 and a2 adrenergic receptors to cause vasoconstriction
treat hypotension, neurogenic shock,
Serotonin
temporary relief from nervousness, anxiety, join pain, drowziness
Benzodiazepine
investigated in treatment of obesity, sleep apnea, disorders of pancreas and gall bladder etc
