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Drugs Used In Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders > Drugs Used In Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders > Flashcards

Drugs Used In Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary system composed of?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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2
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

2 ureters and 1 urethra

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3
Q

What is the Hilus?

A

Indented medial side of the kidney where the ureters, nerves, blocks, and lymph vessels enter and leave

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4
Q

What are some functions of the urinary system?

A
  • To maintain homeostasis by: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
  • Production of hormones
  • Blood volume control
  • BP regulation
  • Filters toxins in blood (mainly urea)
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5
Q

What is micturition?

A

Expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra

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6
Q

What is the job of the nephron?

A

To regulate water and soluble matter (especially electrolytes) in the body

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7
Q

True or False

Nephrons dont regenerate

A

True

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8
Q

______ have large fenestrations in capillary endothelium (single layer)

A

Glomerular capillaires

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9
Q

____ BP in glomerular capallaries force some plasma out and into the space of the _________

A

High

Bowmans Capsule

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10
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

How fast plasma is filtered through the glomerulus

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11
Q

About 65% of reabsorption occurs in the ____ (water, Na, Cl, K, Ca, Bicarb, and 100% glucose amino acids)

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

What are some important substances that are secreted out of the kidney are?

A

Hydrogen, potassium, and ammonia

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13
Q

Collecting ducts are the are also the site of _________ action which prevents dehydration

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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14
Q

Impaired renal excretion of biotransformation causes delayed elimination of many drugs and enhances their ___ and ___ of action.

A

Toxicity

Duration

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15
Q

True or False

The presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine is used as an indicator of glomerular damage

A

True

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16
Q

What is the definition of renal threshold of glucose?

A

When the blood glucose level gets too high, the amount of glucose filtered through the glomerulus exceeds the amount that can be reabsorbed and lost in the urine

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17
Q

What are the 2 hormones that are responsible for the majority of urine volume regulation?

A
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

- Aldosterone

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18
Q

What hormone acts on the DCT and collecting ducts to promote water reabsorption?

A

ADH

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19
Q

True or False

ADH prevents water loss from the body, and regulates fluid balance.

A

True

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20
Q

Which hormone when working properly is the body’s fail safe mechanism so that we dont dehydrate if we lack of fluid intake?

A

ADH

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21
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH

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22
Q

True or False

If the posterior pituitary gland is not releasing adequate amounts of ADH, water is not being secreted.

A

False

Reabsorbed

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23
Q

Which hormone of the bladder is one of the factors when diagnosing diabetes insipidus?

A

ADH

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24
Q

True or False

Aldosterone decreases reabsorption of Na in DCT and collecting ducts back into the blood

A

False

Increases

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25
Q

What causes an osmotic imbalance which causes water to flow back into the blood along with the sodium?

A

Aldosterone

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26
Q

What is the definition of renal dysfunction?

A

Any pathological condition that results in th inability of the urine system to adequately remove waste materials from the blood

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27
Q

True or False

Waste materials build up in the blood and become toxic to the pet and the resulting condition is called urea

A

False

Uremia

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28
Q

What is the definition of Uremia?

A

Abnormally high concentrations of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism in the blood

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29
Q

True or False

Uremia can increase the sensitivity of some tissues to certain drugs

A

True

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30
Q

Which drugs can be contraindicated in uremic patients?

A

Xylazine and Ketamine

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31
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Formation of erythrocytes

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32
Q

What is a hormone that is secreted by a healthy kidney that communicates with the bone marrow to make more RBC

A

Erythropoietin

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33
Q

In diseased kidneys, what hormone is secreted in reduced amounts or not at all resulting in normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia?

A

Erythropoietin

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34
Q

What human recombinant erythropoietin may be given to animals to treat nonregenerative anemia, but is considered the “last ditch effort”?

A

Epogen

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35
Q

What is the definition of diuretic drugs?

A

Used to remove excess extracellular fluid by increasing urine flow (diuresis) and Na excretion and reducing hypertension

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36
Q

What diuretic inhibits tubular reabsorption of Na at the loop of henle and makes tremendous diuresis?

A

Loop

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37
Q

What diuretc is fast acting, given IV and promotes the excretion of Cl, K and water?

A

Loop

38
Q

What are some clinical uses of Loop Diuretics?

A

Treats CHF, pulmonary edema, hypercalcemic nephropathy and uremia

39
Q

What is an example of a loop diuretic?

A

Furosemide (Lasix)

40
Q

What are some side effects of Loop Diuretics?

A

Hypokalemia because of the increased excretion of K, so patients may have to be put on a potassium supplement

41
Q

What is an example of osmotic diuretics?

A

Glucose and mannitol

42
Q

Which diuretic drug treats oliguric acute renal failure and reduce intracranial and intraoccular pressure?

A

Osmotic

43
Q

What are some side effects of osmotic diuretics?

A

Electrolyte imbalances and vomiting

44
Q

What is an example of a thiazide diuretic?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

45
Q

How do thiazide diuretics work?

A

By reducing edema by inhibiting reabsorption of Na, Cl, water at renal tubules

46
Q

True or False

Thiazide diuretics have a longer action than that of Loop diuretics?

A

True

47
Q

Which diuretics can cross the placental border?

A

Thiazide

48
Q

What are some clinical uses of Thiazide diuretics?

A

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and hypertension

49
Q

What are some side effects of Thiazide diuretics?

A

Hypokalemia if therapy is prolonged and cardiac dysfunction

50
Q

What is an example of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics?

A

Spironlactone

51
Q

Which diuretic is a weaker diuretic and has antihypertensive effects, but do conserve potassium?

A

Potassium Sparing

52
Q

True or False

Potassium Sparing cannot be used with other diuretics

A

False

They can mainly Loop

53
Q

Which diuretic blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase, which is used by the body to maintain acid-base balance

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

54
Q

What is an example of a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor?

A

Acetazolamide

55
Q

True or False
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors reduce intraoccular pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor and may be used to treat glaucoma

A

True

56
Q

What are some side effects of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors?

A

Hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis (tachypena, twitching, mouth ulcers, weight loss , and muscle loss)

57
Q

What is the definition of urinary incontinence?

A

The loss of voluntary control of micturition

58
Q

What are some examples of neurologic urinary incontinence?

A

Trauma to the spinal cord, turmors of the NS

59
Q

What are some examples of non-neurologic urinary incontinence?

A

Neoplasia, trauma to the bladder and stress

60
Q

What is an example of Cholinergic Agonsit drug?

A

Bethanechol

61
Q

Cholinergic agonists help void the bladder by _______, Anticholinergic agents urge incontinence by ______ retention of the bladder

A

Expulsion

Retention

62
Q

True or False

Cholinergic agonists promote function of ACH

A

True

63
Q

What is detrusor muscle?

A

Muscular layer of the urinary bladder wall

64
Q

What are some side effects of Cholinergic agonists?

A

Toxicity

Do not use of the integrity of the bladder is unknown

65
Q

What is an example of Anticholinergic agents?

A

Propantheline

66
Q

What are the 2 kinds of adrenergic antagonists?

A
  • Alpha adrenergic antagonists

- Beta adrenergic antagonists

67
Q

What is an example of alpha adrenergic antagonist?

A

Prazosin, Phenoxybenzamine

68
Q

Which adrenergic antagonist is useful when treating urinary retention cause of detrusor areflexia (absense of detrusor contractions) or functional urethral obstruction?

A

Alpha

69
Q

What is a side effect of Alpha adrenergic antagonist?

A

Rapid decrease in BP resulting in weakness or syncope after the first dose

70
Q

What is an example of Beta adrenergic antagonist?

A

Propanolol

71
Q

Which adrenergic antagonist inhibits the action of catecholamines and inhibit the stimulation of the sympathetic NS?

A

Beta

72
Q

What is Beta adrenergic antagonist used to control?

A

Mild to moderate hypertension associated with CRF

73
Q

True or False

When blood volume is low, kidneys secrete renin directly into circulation

A

True

74
Q

How does angiotension 1 convert to angiotension 2?

A

ACE (Angiotension converting enzyme)

75
Q

What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?

A

Benazepril, captopril, enalapril

76
Q

What may be substituted for or used in combination with other meds if previous drug therapy to control hypertension fails?

A

Vasodilatros and calcium channel blockers

77
Q

What is an example of a vasodilator?

A

Dopamine

78
Q

What is an example of calcium channel blocker?

A

Diltiazem and amlodipine

79
Q

What is an example of a urinary acidifier?

A

Methigel

80
Q

True or False

Urinary acidifiers assist in dissolving and preventing formation of struvite uroliths

A

True

81
Q

What is an example of urinary alkalizers?

A

Potassium citrate, sodium bicarbonate

82
Q

True or False

Urinary Alkalizers are easily dissolved in calcium oxalate crystals without altering calcium metabolism in the body

A

False

Difficult to dissolve

83
Q

What is an example of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor?

A

Allopurinol

84
Q

What urolith treatment helps dalmations and paitents with gout?

A

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors

85
Q

What are found covering the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract?

A

GAGs

86
Q

What keeps microrganisms and crystals from adhering to the bladder wall?

A

GAGs

87
Q

True or False

Defects in surface GAGs are velieved to be a factor in FLUTD

A

True

88
Q

True or False

Cranberry juice, crananidin makes the bladder wall slippery so bacteria doesnt stick

A

True

89
Q

What claims the potential to reduce azotemia through enteric dialysis

A

Azodyl

90
Q

What dog breeds are predisposed to developing bladder stones?

A

Dalmations and miniture schnauzers

Drugs Used In Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders (1 decks)

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