Drugs Used In Cardiovascular System Disorders Flashcards
What are basic functions of the CV system?
Delivery of O2, nutrients, and hormones to various parts of the body
What is myocardium?
Strong muscle tissue that composes the atrial and ventricular chambers
What are the 2 phases pumping action is divided into?
Systole and Diastole
What is systole?
Period of contraction
What is Diastole?
Relaxation phase when chambers are filling
HR is controlled primarily by which nervous system?
Autonomic
What are the structures that make up the cardiac conduction system?
Sinoatrial node, Atrioventricular node, Bundle of his and its branches, and the Purkinje system
The rate of discharge of the SA node therefore controls the heart rate and is called the ____.
Cardiac pacemaker
Myocardial cells are joined together by structures called ____.
Intercalated disks
Fusing cell membranes fused into an interconnected mass called _____.
Syncytium
What are arrhythmias?
Spontaneous depolartization of cardiac muscle of abnormalities of the conduction system
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood the heart is capable of pumping per minute
Stroke volume is determined by the amount of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole called ____, and the arterial resistence that the ventricle must pump against it is called ____.
Preload
Afterload
What are some compensatory mechanisms?
- Increasing HR
- Increasing the stroke volume
- Increasing the efficiency of the heart muscle
- Physiologic heart enlargement (aka cardiac remodeling)
What is valvular disease?
A valvular insuffciency which is a backflow or leakage of blood backward through the valve
What is a cause of valvular disease?
Caused by inadequate opening of the valves so insuffciency or stenosis may occur
True or False
Valvular disease may result from progressive bacterial endocarditis
True
What are 2 types of valvular disease?
Tricuspid = ascites (right)
Mitral valve - pulmonary edema (left)
What are some categories of drugs that may predispose the heart to arrhythmias?
Catecholamines, atropine, thiobarbiturates
If part of a cardiac tissue depolarizes out of sequence with the SA node, an ____ may result
Arrhythmia
What is cardiomyopathy?
A disease of the myocardium
What is cardiomyopathy classified as?
Congestive (becomes thin)
Hypertropic (becomes thick)
What are some objectives in treating CV disease?
- Control rhythm disturbances
- Maintain or increase cardiac output
- Relieve fluid accumulation
- Increase oxygenation of blood
- Ancillary treatment
What is inotropic?
Alters force of muscle contractions
True or False
Negative inotropes provide stronger contractions
False
Provide weaker
What is chronotropic?
Changes heart rate by changing rhythm, produced by the SA node
Negative chronotropes ____ HR, Positive chronotropes ____ HR
Decrease
Increase
What are some examples of negative chronotropes? Positive?
N- digoxin
P- atropine, epinephrine
The digitalis compounds (digoxin and digitoxin) are obtained from the dried leaves of the plant ____.
Digitalis purpurea
What is an example of Cardiac Glycosides?
Digitalis
What are some benefits of cardiac glycosides?
- Improved cardiac contracitility
- Decreased HR
- Anti-arrhythmic effects
- Decreased signs of dyspena
True or False
Cardiac Glycosides is a positive inotopic drug
True
What are some examples of positive inotropic catecholamine drugs?
Epinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine
Which positive inotropic drug has a short serum half life so they are used for short term management of severe heart failure?
Catecholamines
What is the preferred drug for providing stimulation for contraction of the heart and for supporting the circulatory system after cardiac arrest?
Epinephrine
What is a biosynthetic precursor of norepinephrine?
Dopamine
What is a positive inotropic drug that increases calcium sensitivity of cardiac microfilaments?
Mixed dilator (Pimobendan)
What are clinical uses of Pimobendan?
Atrioventricular insufficieny or dilated cardiomyopathy
True or False
Pimobendan is contraindicated in cases of hypertropic cardiomyopathy and aortic shunts
True
What is the group of cells that begin to depolarize faster during arrythymias called?
Ectopic focus
What are some factors that may predispose the heart to arrhythmias?
- Conditions that cause hypoxemia
- Electrolyte imbalances
- Increased levels or increased sensitivity to catecholamines
- Digitalis compounds, thiobarbiturates, inhalent anesthetics, xylazine
- Cardiac traume or disease that results in altered cardiac cells
Arrhythmias are classed in relation to heart rate as ______ or _____
- Tachyarrhythmias
- Bradyarrhythmias
What drug is considered a local anesthetic and antiarrhythmiic?
Lidocaine
What antiarrhythmiic is frequently used in emergency medicine?
Lidocaine
Which antiarrhythmic drug should not be used with epinephrine?
Lidocaine
What is an example of a vasodilator drug?
Nitroglycerin Ointment
What are some precautions that should be used when administering Nitroglycerin Ointment?
Wear gloves, rotate sites, use tape to signify
Where is Nitroglycerin Ointment usually placed?
On the pinna
What diurectic drug is very powerful and the most important and efficacous diuretic for removing edema?
Furosemide
What diuretic is potassium sparing diuretic and antagonost of aldosterone?
Spironolactone
What are the 2 primary goals of dietary management of heart disease?
- Sodium restriction and maintenance of good body weight and condition
The primary source of sodium is ____
Food
What are some ancillary treatments of heart failure?
- Bronchodilators
- Oxygen therapy
- Sedation
- Asprin
_thoracocentesis and Abdominocentesis
