Drugs Used In Cardiovascular System Disorders

Question 1

What are basic functions of the CV system?

Answer 1

Delivery of O2, nutrients, and hormones to various parts of the body

Question 2

What is myocardium?

Answer 2

Strong muscle tissue that composes the atrial and ventricular chambers

Question 3

What are the 2 phases pumping action is divided into?

Answer 3

Systole and Diastole

Question 4

What is systole?

Answer 4

Period of contraction

Question 5

What is Diastole?

Answer 5

Relaxation phase when chambers are filling

Question 6

HR is controlled primarily by which nervous system?

Answer 6

Autonomic

Question 7

What are the structures that make up the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 7

Sinoatrial node, Atrioventricular node, Bundle of his and its branches, and the Purkinje system

Question 8

The rate of discharge of the SA node therefore controls the heart rate and is called the ____.

Answer 8

Cardiac pacemaker

Question 9

Myocardial cells are joined together by structures called ____.

Answer 9

Intercalated disks

Question 10

Fusing cell membranes fused into an interconnected mass called _____.

Answer 10

Syncytium

Question 11

What are arrhythmias?

Answer 11

Spontaneous depolartization of cardiac muscle of abnormalities of the conduction system

Question 12

What is cardiac output?

Answer 12

The amount of blood the heart is capable of pumping per minute

Question 13

Stroke volume is determined by the amount of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole called ____, and the arterial resistence that the ventricle must pump against it is called ____.

Answer 13

Preload

Afterload

Question 14

What are some compensatory mechanisms?

Answer 14

• Increasing HR
• Increasing the stroke volume
• Increasing the efficiency of the heart muscle
• Physiologic heart enlargement (aka cardiac remodeling)

Question 15

What is valvular disease?

Answer 15

A valvular insuffciency which is a backflow or leakage of blood backward through the valve

Question 16

What is a cause of valvular disease?

Answer 16

Caused by inadequate opening of the valves so insuffciency or stenosis may occur

Question 17

True or False

Valvular disease may result from progressive bacterial endocarditis

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What are 2 types of valvular disease?

Answer 18

Tricuspid = ascites (right)

Mitral valve - pulmonary edema (left)

Question 19

What are some categories of drugs that may predispose the heart to arrhythmias?

Answer 19

Catecholamines, atropine, thiobarbiturates

Question 20

If part of a cardiac tissue depolarizes out of sequence with the SA node, an ____ may result

Answer 20

Arrhythmia

Question 21

What is cardiomyopathy?

Answer 21

A disease of the myocardium

Question 22

What is cardiomyopathy classified as?

Answer 22

Congestive (becomes thin)

Hypertropic (becomes thick)

Question 23

What are some objectives in treating CV disease?

Answer 23

• Control rhythm disturbances
• Maintain or increase cardiac output
• Relieve fluid accumulation
• Increase oxygenation of blood
• Ancillary treatment

Question 24

What is inotropic?

Answer 24

Alters force of muscle contractions

Question 25

True or False | Negative inotropes provide stronger contractions

Answer 25

False Provide weaker

Question 26

What is chronotropic?

Answer 26

Changes heart rate by changing rhythm, produced by the SA node

Question 27

Negative chronotropes ____ HR, Positive chronotropes ____ HR

Answer 27

Decrease | Increase

Question 28

What are some examples of negative chronotropes? Positive?

Answer 28

N- digoxin | P- atropine, epinephrine

Question 29

The digitalis compounds (digoxin and digitoxin) are obtained from the dried leaves of the plant ____.

Answer 29

Digitalis purpurea

Question 30

What is an example of Cardiac Glycosides?

Answer 30

Digitalis

Question 31

What are some benefits of cardiac glycosides?

Answer 31

- Improved cardiac contracitility - Decreased HR - Anti-arrhythmic effects - Decreased signs of dyspena

Question 32

True or False | Cardiac Glycosides is a positive inotopic drug

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What are some examples of positive inotropic catecholamine drugs?

Answer 33

Epinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine

Question 34

Which positive inotropic drug has a short serum half life so they are used for short term management of severe heart failure?

Answer 34

Catecholamines

Question 35

What is the preferred drug for providing stimulation for contraction of the heart and for supporting the circulatory system after cardiac arrest?

Answer 35

Epinephrine

Question 36

What is a biosynthetic precursor of norepinephrine?

Answer 36

Dopamine

Question 37

What is a positive inotropic drug that increases calcium sensitivity of cardiac microfilaments?

Answer 37

Mixed dilator (Pimobendan)

Question 38

What are clinical uses of Pimobendan?

Answer 38

Atrioventricular insufficieny or dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 39

True or False | Pimobendan is contraindicated in cases of hypertropic cardiomyopathy and aortic shunts

Answer 39

True

Question 40

What is the group of cells that begin to depolarize faster during arrythymias called?

Answer 40

Ectopic focus

Question 41

What are some factors that may predispose the heart to arrhythmias?

Answer 41

- Conditions that cause hypoxemia - Electrolyte imbalances - Increased levels or increased sensitivity to catecholamines - Digitalis compounds, thiobarbiturates, inhalent anesthetics, xylazine - Cardiac traume or disease that results in altered cardiac cells

Question 42

Arrhythmias are classed in relation to heart rate as ______ or _____

Answer 42

- Tachyarrhythmias | - Bradyarrhythmias

Question 43

What drug is considered a local anesthetic and antiarrhythmiic?

Answer 43

Lidocaine

Question 44

What antiarrhythmiic is frequently used in emergency medicine?

Answer 44

Lidocaine

Question 45

Which antiarrhythmic drug should not be used with epinephrine?

Answer 45

Lidocaine

Question 46

What is an example of a vasodilator drug?

Answer 46

Nitroglycerin Ointment

Question 47

What are some precautions that should be used when administering Nitroglycerin Ointment?

Answer 47

Wear gloves, rotate sites, use tape to signify

Question 48

Where is Nitroglycerin Ointment usually placed?

Answer 48

On the pinna

Question 49

What diurectic drug is very powerful and the most important and efficacous diuretic for removing edema?

Answer 49

Furosemide

Question 50

What diuretic is potassium sparing diuretic and antagonost of aldosterone?

Answer 50

Spironolactone

Question 51

What are the 2 primary goals of dietary management of heart disease?

Answer 51

- Sodium restriction and maintenance of good body weight and condition

Question 52

The primary source of sodium is ____

Answer 52

Food

Question 53

What are some ancillary treatments of heart failure?

Answer 53

- Bronchodilators - Oxygen therapy - Sedation - Asprin _thoracocentesis and Abdominocentesis