Drugs That Affect the Brain Can Be Divided into Functional Classes Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroleptics or Antipsychotics

A

Any of a class of antipsychotic drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine recptors.

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2
Q

Atypical Neuroleptic

A

An antipsychotic drug that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics.

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3
Q

Antidepressant

A

A drug that relieves the symptoms of depression.

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4
Q

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

A

An enzyme that breaks down monoamine transmitters, thereby inactivating them.

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5
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressant

A

An antidepressant that acts by increasing the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine.

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6
Q

Selective Serotonnin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)

A

A drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.

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7
Q

Depressant

A

A drug that reduces the excitability of neurons.

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8
Q

Barbiturate

A

An early anxiolytic drug and sleep aid that has depressant activity in the nervous system.

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9
Q

Anxiolytic

A

A drug that is used to combat anxiety.

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10
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

Any of a class of antianxiety drug that are agonists of GABAa receptors in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Vallium).

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11
Q

Opium

A

An extract of the seedpod juice of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Drugs based on opium are potent painkillers.

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12
Q

Morphine

A

An opiate compound derived from the poppy flower.

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13
Q

Analgesic

A

Having painkilling properties.

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14
Q

Heroin

A

Diacetylmorphine; an artifically modified, very potent form of morphine.

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15
Q

Opiod Receptor

A

A receptor that responds to endogenous opiods and/or exogenous opiates.

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16
Q

Figure 4.9

The Distribution of Opiod Receptors in the Rat Brain

A
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17
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

The neuronal body-rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; it is involved in pain perception.

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18
Q

Endogenous Opiod

A

Any of a class of opium-like peptide transmitters that have been called the body’s own narcotics. The three kinds are enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins.

19
Q

Enkephalin

A

One of the three kinds of endogenous opiods.

20
Q

Endorphin

A

One of the three kinds of endogenous opiods.

21
Q

Dynorphin

A

One of the three kinds of endogenous opiods.

22
Q

Tobacco

A

A highly addictive North American plant whose leaves (usually dried and smoked) are a major source of nicotine.

23
Q

Nicotine

A

A compound found in plants, including tobacco, that acts as an antagoinst on a large class of cholinergic receptors.

24
Q

Stimulant

A

A drug that enhances the excitability of neurons.

25
Q

Alcohol

A

A neuroactive compound (primarily the ethyl alcohol found in various beverages) that first stimulates and then dpresses neural activity, with varied behavioral consequences.

26
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

A disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial abnormalities, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol (through maternal ingestion) during fetal development.

27
Q

Figure 4.10

Abnormal Brain Development in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A
28
Q

Figure 4.11

The Effects of Alcohol on the Brain

A
29
Q

Marijuna

A

A dried preparation of the Cannabis sativa plant, usually smoked to obtain THC.

30
Q

Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

The major active ingredient in marijuna.

31
Q

Figure 4.12

The Distribution of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Rat Brain

A
32
Q

Endocannabinoid

A

An endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; thus, an analog of marijuna that is produced by the brain.

33
Q

Anandaminde

A

An endogenous substance that binds the cannabinoid receptor molecule.

34
Q

Caffeine

A

A stimulant compound found in coffee, cacao, and other plants.

35
Q

Cocaine

A

A drug of abuse, derived from the coca plant ,that acts by enhancing catecholamine neurotransmission.

36
Q

Figure 4.13

Cocaine Action in the Monkey Brain

A
37
Q

Amphetamine

A

A molecule that resembles the structure of the catecholamine transmitters and enhances their activity.

38
Q

Hallucinogen

A

A drug that alters sensory perception and produces peculair experiences.

39
Q

LSD

A

Also called acid. Lysergic acid diethylamide, a hallucinogenic drug.

40
Q

Figure 4.14

Changes in Visual Perception after Taking LSD

A
41
Q

MDMA

A

Also called Ecstasy. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a drug of abuse. Also called the “love drug”.

42
Q

Figure 4.15

Long-Term Effects of a Single Dose of Ecstasy on the Monkey Brain

A
43
Q

Dissociatives

A

A type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is partly separated from sensory inputs. For example, PCP or angel dust and ketamine or Special K.