Drugs That Affect the Brain Can Be Divided into Functional Classes

Question 1

Neuroleptics or Antipsychotics

Answer 1

Any of a class of antipsychotic drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine recptors.

Question 2

Atypical Neuroleptic

Answer 2

An antipsychotic drug that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics.

Question 3

Antidepressant

Answer 3

A drug that relieves the symptoms of depression.

Question 4

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Answer 4

An enzyme that breaks down monoamine transmitters, thereby inactivating them.

Question 5

Tricyclic Antidepressant

Answer 5

An antidepressant that acts by increasing the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Question 6

Selective Serotonnin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)

Answer 6

A drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.

Question 7

Depressant

Answer 7

A drug that reduces the excitability of neurons.

Question 8

Barbiturate

Answer 8

An early anxiolytic drug and sleep aid that has depressant activity in the nervous system.

Question 9

Anxiolytic

Answer 9

A drug that is used to combat anxiety.

Question 10

Benzodiazepine

Answer 10

Any of a class of antianxiety drug that are agonists of GABAa receptors in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Vallium).

Question 11

Opium

Answer 11

An extract of the seedpod juice of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Drugs based on opium are potent painkillers.

Question 12

Morphine

Answer 12

An opiate compound derived from the poppy flower.

Question 13

Analgesic

Answer 13

Having painkilling properties.

Question 14

Heroin

Answer 14

Diacetylmorphine; an artifically modified, very potent form of morphine.

Question 15

Opiod Receptor

Answer 15

A receptor that responds to endogenous opiods and/or exogenous opiates.

Question 16

Figure 4.9

The Distribution of Opiod Receptors in the Rat Brain

Answer 16

Question 17

Periaqueductal Gray

Answer 17

The neuronal body-rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; it is involved in pain perception.

Question 18

Endogenous Opiod

Answer 18

Any of a class of opium-like peptide transmitters that have been called the body’s own narcotics. The three kinds are enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins.

Question 19

Enkephalin

Answer 19

One of the three kinds of endogenous opiods.

Question 20

Endorphin

Answer 20

One of the three kinds of endogenous opiods.

Question 21

Dynorphin

Answer 21

One of the three kinds of endogenous opiods.

Question 22

Tobacco

Answer 22

A highly addictive North American plant whose leaves (usually dried and smoked) are a major source of nicotine.

Question 23

Nicotine

Answer 23

A compound found in plants, including tobacco, that acts as an antagoinst on a large class of cholinergic receptors.

Question 24

Stimulant

Answer 24

A drug that enhances the excitability of neurons.

Question 25

**Alcohol**

Answer 25

A neuroactive compound (primarily the ethyl alcohol found in various beverages) that first stimulates and then dpresses neural activity, with varied behavioral consequences.

Question 26

**Fetal Alcohol Syndrome**

Answer 26

A disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial abnormalities, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol (through maternal ingestion) during fetal development.

Question 27

**Figure 4.10** Abnormal Brain Development in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 27

Question 28

**Figure 4.11** The Effects of Alcohol on the Brain

Answer 28

Question 29

**Marijuna**

Answer 29

A dried preparation of the *Cannabis sativa* plant, usually smoked to obtain THC.

Question 30

**Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)**

Answer 30

The major active ingredient in marijuna.

Question 31

**Figure 4.12** The Distribution of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Rat Brain

Answer 31

Question 32

**Endocannabinoid**

Answer 32

An endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; thus, an analog of marijuna that is produced by the brain.

Question 33

**Anandaminde**

Answer 33

An endogenous substance that binds the cannabinoid receptor molecule.

Question 34

**Caffeine**

Answer 34

A stimulant compound found in coffee, cacao, and other plants.

Question 35

**Cocaine**

Answer 35

A drug of abuse, derived from the coca plant ,that acts by enhancing catecholamine neurotransmission.

Question 36

**Figure 4.13** Cocaine Action in the Monkey Brain

Answer 36

Question 37

**Amphetamine**

Answer 37

A molecule that resembles the structure of the catecholamine transmitters and enhances their activity.

Question 38

**Hallucinogen**

Answer 38

A drug that alters sensory perception and produces peculair experiences.

Question 39

**LSD**

Answer 39

Also called *acid*. Lysergic acid diethylamide, a hallucinogenic drug.

Question 40

**Figure 4.14** Changes in Visual Perception after Taking LSD

Answer 40

Question 41

**MDMA**

Answer 41

Also called *Ecstasy*. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a drug of abuse. Also called the "love drug".

Question 42

**Figure 4.15** Long-Term Effects of a Single Dose of Ecstasy on the Monkey Brain

Answer 42

Question 43

**Dissociatives**

Answer 43

A type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is partly separated from sensory inputs. For example, *PCP* or *angel dust* and *ketamine* or *Special K*.