DRUGS - part A Flashcards

1
Q

acetazolamide

A
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 
 = inhibits bicarbonate reabsorption in the PCT
 = not a good diuretic
 = causes acidosis and hypokalaemia
 = used to treat glaucoma
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2
Q

adenosine

A
anti-dysrhythmic drug
 = class 5
 = a1/a2 agonist
 = causes potassium efflux and inhibits calcium influx
 = intravenous
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3
Q

adrenaline

A

acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (stronger on alpha)
= impacts depend on what the receptor does, which is different in each part of the body

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4
Q

amiloride

A

potassium sparing diuretic
= inhibits ENaC in collecting duct
= hyperkalaemia (K+ isn’t excreted if Na+ isn’t absorbed)

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5
Q

amiodarone

A
ant-dysrhythmia 
 = class 3
 = blocks potassium channels, stops hyperpolarisation, increases refractory period, reduces exciteability
 = prolongs QRS and QT of ECG
 = relaxes vessels to reduce resistance
 = beta receptor inhibitor
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6
Q

amphetamines

A

inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline by VMAT

= alpha and beta agonist

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7
Q

aspirin

A

= prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor (prostaglandins cause uterine contractions and are responsible for inflammatory response like platelet plug)
= stops platelet aggregation

= COX inhibitor
= binds covalently = irreversible inhibition of COX

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8
Q

atenolol

A

beta 1 blocker/antagonist = Gs = less cAMP
= decrease cardiac output
= for hypertension

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9
Q

atracurium

A

= competitive
= non-depolarising
= antagonist of nicotinic receptors at the NMJ

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10
Q

atropine

A

muscarinic antagonist

= M1, M2 and M3

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11
Q

bendroflumethiazide

A
thiazide diuretic
 = inhibits NaCl transporter
DISTAL TUBULE
= less potent than loop diuretics 
= treat hypertension
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12
Q

botulinum toxin

A

= works at the NMJ

= stops release of ACh from vesicles

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13
Q

ouabain

A

cardiac glycoside
inhibits Na+/K+ATPase
= increases intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ (calcium increases because NCX cannot bring it back in if the na+ isn’t decreased)

= INCREASES CONTRACTILITY
= used for fibrillation and hypOtension

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14
Q

cardiac glycosides

A

ouabain and digoxin

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15
Q

digoxin

A
cardiac glycoside
 = inhibits na+/K+ ATPase
 = increases Na+ and ca2+
 = increased contractile force = improves ejection fraction
 = DECREASE HEART RATE
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16
Q

dobutamine

A

= beta 1 agonist
= catcholamine
= increase contractility= increase stroke volume = increased cardiac output

17
Q

furosemide

A
loop diuretic 
 = inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter
 = THICK ASCENDING LIMB
 = this stops the gradient needed to reabsorb water
 = hypOkalaemia 
= peripheral vasodilator
 = treatment of oedema
 = inhibits feedback to glomerulus via macula dense
18
Q

insulin

A

= secreted by pancreatic beta cells
= lowers raised plasma glucose via GLUT4

= works on tyrosine kinase receptors

19
Q

sulphonylurea drugs

A

work to lower blood glucose

used for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

20
Q

GLP

A

glucagon like peptide
hormone
sensitises pancreatic beta cells to glucose so they can make insulin in a proportional amount
= stimulates secretion of insulin

21
Q

isoprenaline

A

non-selective beta AGONIST

22
Q

isoprenaline, noradrenaline and adrenaline on alpha and beta

A

ALPHA 1:
most = adrenaline
noradrenaline
least = isoprenaline (does not cause effect)

BETA 1 AND 2:
most = isoprenaline
noradrenaline
least = adrenaline

23
Q

tetrodotoxin

A

TTX
inhibits Na+ channels in action potential
= prevents action potential

24
Q

tetraethylammonium

A

TEA
inhibits K+ channels in action potential
vasodilator
= longer AP with higher magnitude

25
Q

lidocaine

A

anaesthetic
= sodium channel blocker = no AP
= first blocks pain, then sensory, then motor neurones
= use with vasoconstrictors to keep it local

26
Q

tubocurarine

A

non-depolarising = antagonist of nicotinic receptors at NMJ
competitive
= relaxes muscles

27
Q

neostigmine

A

anti-cholinesterase = more ACh = more contraction at NMJ

TREAT MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

28
Q

suxamethonium

A

depolarising (agonist) of nicotinic receptors at the NMJ

= prolongs depolarisation of skeletal muscle until it is blocked

29
Q

nicotine

A

nicotinic agonist

30
Q

muscarine

A

muscarinic agonist

31
Q

other neurotransmitters

A

NO = nitric oxide
neuropeptides = neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
ATP

32
Q

mannitol

A

osmotic diuretic
= increases the osmolarity of filtrate = water doesn’t leave
= used for oedema
= laxative

33
Q

omeprazole

A

proton pump inhibitor
blocks H+/K+ATPase
= reduced acid secretion in the stomach
= used for peptic ulcers

34
Q

penicillin

A

secreted from the renal tubules along with uric acid

35
Q

spironolactone

A

potassium sparing diuretic
= aldosterone antagonist = fewer ENaC and Na+/K+ATPase
= hyperkalaemia

36
Q

propranolol

A

non-selective beta antagonist

= treat hypertension

37
Q

ranitidine

A

histamine h2 ANTAGONIST
= decrease gastric acid secretion
peptic ulcers

38
Q

salbutamol

A

beta 2 agonist
= dilates bronchi
= asthma

39
Q

verapamil

A

calcium channel blocker/antagonist
= angina, hypertension, arrhythmia
= relaxation of blood vessels to reduce pressure

(also an alpha antagonist)