DRUGS - part A Flashcards
acetazolamide
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor = inhibits bicarbonate reabsorption in the PCT = not a good diuretic = causes acidosis and hypokalaemia = used to treat glaucoma
adenosine
anti-dysrhythmic drug = class 5 = a1/a2 agonist = causes potassium efflux and inhibits calcium influx = intravenous
adrenaline
acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (stronger on alpha)
= impacts depend on what the receptor does, which is different in each part of the body
amiloride
potassium sparing diuretic
= inhibits ENaC in collecting duct
= hyperkalaemia (K+ isn’t excreted if Na+ isn’t absorbed)
amiodarone
ant-dysrhythmia = class 3 = blocks potassium channels, stops hyperpolarisation, increases refractory period, reduces exciteability = prolongs QRS and QT of ECG = relaxes vessels to reduce resistance = beta receptor inhibitor
amphetamines
inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline by VMAT
= alpha and beta agonist
aspirin
= prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor (prostaglandins cause uterine contractions and are responsible for inflammatory response like platelet plug)
= stops platelet aggregation
= COX inhibitor
= binds covalently = irreversible inhibition of COX
atenolol
beta 1 blocker/antagonist = Gs = less cAMP
= decrease cardiac output
= for hypertension
atracurium
= competitive
= non-depolarising
= antagonist of nicotinic receptors at the NMJ
atropine
muscarinic antagonist
= M1, M2 and M3
bendroflumethiazide
thiazide diuretic = inhibits NaCl transporter DISTAL TUBULE = less potent than loop diuretics = treat hypertension
botulinum toxin
= works at the NMJ
= stops release of ACh from vesicles
ouabain
cardiac glycoside
inhibits Na+/K+ATPase
= increases intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ (calcium increases because NCX cannot bring it back in if the na+ isn’t decreased)
= INCREASES CONTRACTILITY
= used for fibrillation and hypOtension
cardiac glycosides
ouabain and digoxin
digoxin
cardiac glycoside = inhibits na+/K+ ATPase = increases Na+ and ca2+ = increased contractile force = improves ejection fraction = DECREASE HEART RATE
dobutamine
= beta 1 agonist
= catcholamine
= increase contractility= increase stroke volume = increased cardiac output
furosemide
loop diuretic = inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter = THICK ASCENDING LIMB = this stops the gradient needed to reabsorb water = hypOkalaemia = peripheral vasodilator = treatment of oedema = inhibits feedback to glomerulus via macula dense
insulin
= secreted by pancreatic beta cells
= lowers raised plasma glucose via GLUT4
= works on tyrosine kinase receptors
sulphonylurea drugs
work to lower blood glucose
used for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
GLP
glucagon like peptide
hormone
sensitises pancreatic beta cells to glucose so they can make insulin in a proportional amount
= stimulates secretion of insulin
isoprenaline
non-selective beta AGONIST
isoprenaline, noradrenaline and adrenaline on alpha and beta
ALPHA 1:
most = adrenaline
noradrenaline
least = isoprenaline (does not cause effect)
BETA 1 AND 2:
most = isoprenaline
noradrenaline
least = adrenaline
tetrodotoxin
TTX
inhibits Na+ channels in action potential
= prevents action potential
tetraethylammonium
TEA
inhibits K+ channels in action potential
vasodilator
= longer AP with higher magnitude
lidocaine
anaesthetic
= sodium channel blocker = no AP
= first blocks pain, then sensory, then motor neurones
= use with vasoconstrictors to keep it local
tubocurarine
non-depolarising = antagonist of nicotinic receptors at NMJ
competitive
= relaxes muscles
neostigmine
anti-cholinesterase = more ACh = more contraction at NMJ
TREAT MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
suxamethonium
depolarising (agonist) of nicotinic receptors at the NMJ
= prolongs depolarisation of skeletal muscle until it is blocked
nicotine
nicotinic agonist
muscarine
muscarinic agonist
other neurotransmitters
NO = nitric oxide
neuropeptides = neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
ATP
mannitol
osmotic diuretic
= increases the osmolarity of filtrate = water doesn’t leave
= used for oedema
= laxative
omeprazole
proton pump inhibitor
blocks H+/K+ATPase
= reduced acid secretion in the stomach
= used for peptic ulcers
penicillin
secreted from the renal tubules along with uric acid
spironolactone
potassium sparing diuretic
= aldosterone antagonist = fewer ENaC and Na+/K+ATPase
= hyperkalaemia
propranolol
non-selective beta antagonist
= treat hypertension
ranitidine
histamine h2 ANTAGONIST
= decrease gastric acid secretion
peptic ulcers
salbutamol
beta 2 agonist
= dilates bronchi
= asthma
verapamil
calcium channel blocker/antagonist
= angina, hypertension, arrhythmia
= relaxation of blood vessels to reduce pressure
(also an alpha antagonist)
