Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology Unit 2 > Drugs of Abuse and Toxicity > Flashcards

Drugs of Abuse and Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

Compulsive drug using behavior in which the person uses the drug for personal satisfaction, often in the face of known risks to health.

A

Addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Signs and symptoms that occur on withdrawal of drug in a dependent person

A

Abstinence Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A drug deemed to have abuse liability that is listed on governmental Schedules of Controlled Substances. Presumed to reflect current attitudes towards substance abuse, and which drugs are regulated depends on social judgement.

A

Controlled Substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State characterized by signs and symptoms, frequently the opposite of those caused by a drug, when it is withdrawn from chronic use or when the dose is abruptly lowered.

A

Dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synthetic derivative of a drug with a slightly modified structure, but no major change in pharmacodynamic action. Circumvention of the Schedules of Controlled Drugs is a motivation for the illicit synthesis.

A

Designer Drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Decreased response to a drug necessitating larger doses to achieve the same effect.

A

Tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Non-medical use of a variety of drugs that are prohibited by law.

A

Illicit Drug Use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Excessive dopaminergic stimulation may lead to reinforcement of rewarded behavior any may become compulsive.

A

Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Drugs with no medical use and a high addiction potential.

A

Schedule I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of Schedule I drugs

A

Heroin
LSD
PCP
MDMA
Marijuana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Drugs with medical use and a high addiction potential

A

Schedule II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of Schedule II drugs

A

Amphetamines
Cocaine
Strong Opioids
Methylphenidate
Short Acting Barbiturates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Drugs with medical use and a moderate addiction potential

A

Schedule III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of Schedule III drugs

A

Anabolic Steroids
Barbiturates
Ketamine
Dronabinol
Sodium Oxybate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Drugs with medical use and low abuse potentials

A

Schedule IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of Schedule IV drugs

A

Benzodiazepines
Mild Stimulants
Hypnotics
Weak Opioids
Chloral Hydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Sedative Hypnotics
-pams and -lams
alprazolam (Xanax)
midazolam (Versed)
lorazepam (Ativan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Barbiturates

A

Sedative Hypnotics
-barbitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sodium Oxybate

A

Sedative Hypnotic
(GHB)
“Party Drug”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sedative Hypnotics Effect

A

Reduce inhibitions
Suppress anxiety
Relaxation
CNS Depressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do sedative hypnotics work

A

Facilitation of GABA
Antagonism at cholinergic nicotinic receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sedative Hypnotic Overdose

A

Depression of medullary respiratory and cardiovascular centers
(Dilated Pupils, Shallow Breathing, Weak and Rapid Pulse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sedative Hypnotic Overdose Management

A

Maintain airway and support ventilations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose?

A

Flumazenil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Sedative Hypnotics Withdrawal
Signs and Symptoms most pronounced in drugs that have a half-life of < 24 hours SHORTER HALF-LIFE = BIGGER PROBLEM Seizures
26
Ethanol
Sedative Hypnotic Acetaldehyde = Toxic Component
27
Sedative Hypnotics Withdrawal Treatment
DO NOT ABRUPTLY STOP THESE DRUGS Long acting-sedative hypnotics used to treat acute withdrawal followed by gradual dose reduction Clonidine or Propranolol may be used to suppress sympathetic overactivity Naltrexone may be used to prevent alcohol consumption (not antidote)
28
Opioids
Target opioid receptors Heroin Morphine Codeine Oxycodone
29
Opioid Overdose Treatment
Naloxone and ventilatory support
30
Opioids Withdrawal
Lacrimation Rhinorrhea Sweating Weakness "Gooseflesh" Nausea and Vomiting Tremors and Muscle Jerks Hyperpnea
31
Opioid Withdrawal Treatment
Methadone Buprenorphine (Suboxone)
32
Amphetamine
Stimulant Increase release of CNS amines: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin Euphoria and Self-confidence
33
Amphetamine Overdose Symptoms
Agitation Restlessness Tachycardia Hyperthermia Hyperreflexia Seizures
34
Amphetamine Overdose Treatment
No specific antidote Control body temperature Protect against cardiac arrhythmia and seizures
35
Cocaine
Inhibitor of CNS transporters of: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin Euphoria and Self-Confidence (short-lasting)
36
Cocaine Overdose
Commonly cause death from: Arrhythmias (blockade of norepinephrine uptake) Seizures Respiratory Depression MI and CVA
37
Cocaine Overdose Treatment
No Specific Antidote
38
Stimulants Withdrawal
Increased Appetite Sleepiness Exhaustion Mental Depression (antidepressants may be indicated)
39
Three procedures to reduce absorption of poisons from the GI tract
Inducing Emesis (must be done in 1hr best if done in 5 minutes) Gastric Lavage (stomach pumping done within 1 hour) Activated Charcoal
40
Only what treatment can remove poison once it has left the stomach and entered the small intestine?
Activated Charcoal
41
What is a major cause of hepatic failure in the United States?
Acetaminophen Toxicity
42
What causes the toxicity of acetaminophen?
Formation of the metabolite (N-acetyl-p-benoquinone imine) NAPQI
43
How is acetaminophen metabolized in normal doses?
Phase II Conjugation to form glucuronide or sulfate
44
What peptide prevents NAPQI from ultimately producing cell death?
Glutathione
45
What is the antidote for severe acetaminophen toxicity?
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) (precursor of Glutathione) Brand Name: Mucomyst
46
Where is methanol commonly found?
Windshield Washer Fluid Antifreeze Paint Thinner Printing Solutions Adhesives
47
How quickly does methanol absorb?
Rapid PO absorption (about 5 minutes) Peaks in 30-60 minutes
48
What part of methanol is toxic?
Methanol is not very toxic Metabolites are the cause of toxicity
49
Methanol Metabolization
Metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to form formaldehyde Oxidation of formaldehyde to formic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase Very Rapid (1-2 minutes)
50
Where is ethylene glycol found?
Antifreeze and Coolant
51
How quickly does ethylene glycol absorb?
20 - 30 minutes 80% is metabolized 20% excreted through urine
52
How is ethylene glycol metabolized?
Liver metabolizes it via alcohol dehydrogenase to form glycoaldehyde Glycoaldehyde is then metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to form glycol acid, glyoxylic acid, and oxalic acid
53
Toxic portion of Ethylene Glycol is what?
Glycolic acid leading to metabolic acidosis Oxailic acid binds to calcium to form crystals and cause renal injury
54
Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Treatment
Ethanol and Fomepizole (both block metabolization of alcohol dehydrogenase) Fomepizole has a 500-1000x greater affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase than ethanol and has become the standard treatment Also: Hemodialysis
55
Cyanide Poisoning Exposure
Metal Extraction Metal Hardening Photography Printing
56
Cyanide Poisoning Mechanism
complete blockade of oxidative phosphorylation (occurs in moments)
57
What critical enzyme is affected by cyanide poisoning?
Cytochrome a3 becomes nonfunctional = loss of ATP synthesis
58
What is the antidote for cyanide poisoning?
Hydroxycobalamin (Vitamin B12) high affinity for cyanide nontoxic cyancobalamin is formed
59
Supportive treatment for cyanide poisoning?
Monitor SpO2 and give high-flow O2 ASAP Methemoglobin decreases O2 carrying capacity
60
Digoxin mechanism of action
Interacts with Na/K transporters and has a narrow therapeutic index decreased cardiac conduction increased automaticity
61
What are the symptoms of digoxin overdose?
Unusual blind sports Color mismatch Irregular pulse Tachycardia Deadly SVT
62
What is the antidote for digoxin overdose?
Digibind Digoxin Specific Antibody Fragment (Fab fragment) (binds digoxin on a molecule to molecule basis)
63
A binding agent that suppresses chemical actvity by forming chelates
Chelator
64
What is the chelating agent for arsenic?
Dimercaprol
65
What is the chelating agent for iron?
Deferoxamine
66
What is the chelating agent for lead?
Succimer, EDTA
67
What is the chelating agent for mercury?
Succimer, Dimercaprol
68
What is the mechanism of action of Warfarin?
inhibits the vitamin K cycle reducing the activity of coagulation factor-dependent clotting functions.
69
Antidote for Warfarin
Phytonadione (Vitamin K) 5-10mg orally Fresh Frozen Plasma for life threat
70
Acetaminophen Overdose
Acetylcysteine replenishes depleted glutathione stores
71
Cholinesterase Inhibitors Overdose (Organophosphates)
Atropine
72
Drug Induced Movement Disorders
Benzatropine
73
Beta Adrenoreceptor Antagonists Calcium Channel Blockers
Glucagon
74
Anti-muscarinic Overdose
Neostigmine
75
Hypertension due to alpha adrenoreceptor agonists (MAO-inhibitors, clonidine, ergotamine)
Phentolamine
76
Cholinesterase Inhibitors Overdose
Pralidoxime
77
Heparin Reversal Agent
Protamine
78
Salicylate Toxicity Antidote
Sodium Bicarb

Pharmacology Unit 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions