Drugs of Abuse Flashcards by joshua Beasley

Physical dependence arises from ______________.

Functional tolerance

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How do most of the drugs of abuse work?

Increasing the affects of dopamine in a “reward circuit” involving the midbrain and limbic system

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More physical dependence the _____________ the withdrawal.

worse

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Examples of opioids

heroin
morphine
methadone
codeine

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What do opiods do?

increase u receptor, endorphins

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Examples of sympathomimetics

Amphetamine
Methamphetamine
Cocaine (increase catecholamine transmission)
Caffeine (decrease adenosine (increase cAMP and Ca+2))

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Examples of depressants

Ethanol
Pentobarbital
Diazepam

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Mechanism of depressants

Increase GABA

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Examples of nicotine

tobacco producst

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Mechanisms of nicotine

Acetylcholine (CNS Presynaptic)

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Psychedelics

LSD
Mescaline
PCP (Phencyclidine)
Ketamine

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Mechanism of psychedelics

LSD and Mescaline decrease serotonin transport

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Inhalants

Nitrous oxide
Amyl nitrite
Butyl nitrite

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Examples of designer drugs

MDMA (Ecstasy)

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Mechanism of Ecstasy

alters serotonin levels and effects catecholamines

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Examples of Cannabinoids

THC (Marijuana)

Cannabinoid ligands

Mechanism of Cannabinoids

high affinity receptor ( G protein coupled)

Variables in the agent used that affect the onset and continuation of drug abuse and addiction are:

availability
percieved risk
cost
purity/potency
pharmacokinetics
speed of onset and termination of SE
mode of administration

Variables of the host that affect the onset and continuation of drug abuse and addiction are:

heredity
psychiatric symptoms
prior experiences/expectations
propensity for risk seeking behavior

Variables in the environment that affect the onset and continuation of drug abuse and addiction are:

social setting
community attitudes
employment or educational oppurtunities

Mechanism of amphetamines and cocaine

Interact with the reuptake systems for monoamine DA, NE, and %-ht. The reinforcing qualities rely most heavily on the DA system, while the NE may contribute to the euphoric effects.

Symptoms of amphetamines and cocaine

euphoria, anorexia, insomnia, increased motor activity and decreased feeling of fatique

Why do amphetamines have additional effects?

depletes DA from the vessicles, causing a no vasicular release of DA producing an increase in motor and pyschodynamic effects and a more sustained duration of effect

What are the toxicities for amphetamines and cocaine?

arrhythmias and convulsions

Treatment for opiods (coma)

naloxone

Treatment for sympathomimetics (sympathetic storm)

amphetamines sedate with haloperidol | cocaine - give propanolol, diazepam or ca channel blockers to help with seizures or stroke

Treatment for depressants (coma, respiratory failure)

mechanical ventilation, positive ionotropic drug: dopamine, hemodialysis, hemoperfussion

Treatment for Nicotine

none

Treatment for cannabinods

none

Treatment for pyschedelics (anxiety and psychosis)

support, physostigmine may be used after, scopolamine

Treatment for phencyclidine (seizures)

diazepam, antipsychotics contraindicated due to toxicitiy | can use haloperidol

Treatment for inhalants

mechanical ventilation, antiarrymics

withdrawal with opiods:

runny nose, tearing, goose flesh, anxiety TX: low levels of long acting drug (methadone or L-acetyl-methadone)

withdrawal with depressants

convulsions, DT TX: low levels of long acting drugs (phenobarbital or diazepam) Propanolol or clonidine may reduce symp. storm

withdrawal with nicotine

anxiety, craving | TX: replacement therapy- nicotine substitution therapy- varenicline bupropion

withdrawal with alcohol

TX: anti abuse, naltrexone