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233 FINAL > Drugs & Lifestyle Uses > Flashcards

Drugs & Lifestyle Uses Flashcards

1
Q

What is lifestyle drugs?

What are the 3 types of lifestyle drugs?

A

Lifestyle drugs are used for non-medical purposes

Lifestyle drugs:

  1. give pleasure
    • Cannabis, alcohol, cocaine, etc.
  2. modify appearance
    • Botox, slimming agents, minoxidil etc.
  3. improve performance
    • Anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, etc.
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2
Q

Give an example for drugs for pleasure that had previous clinical use but abused for lifestyle/recreational uses:

A

Cocaine as a local anaesthetic

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3
Q

Give an example for drugs for pleasure that had used primarily for recreational purposes now being used clinically:

A

Marijuana for pain management

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4
Q

Give 4 examples of drugs for appearance:

A

Botulinum Toxin (BTX):
Minoxidil
Dinitrophenol
Orlistat

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5
Q

What is Botulinum Toxin (BTX)?

A

• A neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium
Clostridium botulinum , which can be used for relief of
muscle spasm
- Used in cosmetics to decrease facial wrinkles

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6
Q

What is Minoxidil?

A

• A vasodilator originally developed for hypertension
- Its metabolite minoxidil sulfate increases blood
supply to hair follicles and thereby promotes new
hair growth

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7
Q

What is Dinitrophenol?

A

• A mitochondrial uncoupler that increases metabolism,
but instead of ATP, heat is generated (thermogenesis)
- Used in 1930s as a diet pill but was banned in US in
1938

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8
Q

What is Orlistat?

A

• A lipase inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of
dietary fat (triglycerides) used for the treatment of
obesity
- Is the only FDA approved obesity medication
available over-the-counter and can be used for
weight loss/thinning purposes in non-obese
individuals

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9
Q

Which organization publish updated list of prohibited substances for drugs in sport?

A

World-Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

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10
Q

What are WADA’s 3 categories of prohibited substances/methods?

A
  1. Prohibited at all times (In- and Out-of-Competition)
  2. Prohibited In-Competition
  3. Prohibited in Particular Sports
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11
Q

Drugs in Sport

Anabolic Agents includes anabolic steroids such as: (6)

A
  1. Stanozolol
  2. Nandrolone (19-nortestosterone)
  3. Testosterone
  4. Tetrahydrogestrinone
  5. Androstenediol
  6. Clenbuterol
    * Clenbuterol is a β 2 -adrenoceptor agonist that also
    produces anabolic effects (unknown mechanism)
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12
Q

Drugs in Sport

Anabolic Agents - use for?

AE?

A

• Are agonists for androgenic receptors and increase
muscle development and *aggression (testosterone-
like effects)

• AE: *infertility, *tumor risk, *cardiovascular risk

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13
Q

Drugs in Sport

Human Growth Hormone use for?

AE?

A

• Produces similar actions as anabolic steroids but
without the accompanying *aggression and *changes
in sexual development/behavior

• Can also enhance recovery from injury

• AE: acromegaly, overgrowth of the jaw, thickening of
fingers and cardiac hypertrophy

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14
Q

Drugs in Sport

Erythropoietin - use for?

AE?

A

• Increases red blood cell formation and subsequent
oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

• AE: may increase risk of *hypertension and
*thrombosis

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15
Q

Drugs in Sport

What are some common stimulants that may be abused by athletes to improve performance? (5)

A
  1. Ephedrine
  2. Methylephedrine
  3. Fenfluramine
  4. Amiphenazole
  5. Caffeine
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16
Q

Drugs in Sport

Stimulants can improve performance in ____ events such as sprinting and reduce ____ ____.

Psychological effects may be just as important.

A

non-endurance

muscle fatigue

17
Q

Drugs in Sport

Mildronate (Meldonium) - how does it work?

A

• Inhibition of carnitine biosynthesis aimed to prevent
accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of
fatty acid oxidation in ischemic tissues and to block
this highly oxygen-consuming process
- Increases endurance by enhancing efficiency of
energy production (ATP/per oxygen consumed)

• Used in some countries for the treatment of ischemic
heart disease

18
Q

Drugs in Sport

Diuretics includes agents such as? (2)

A
  1. Furosemide

2. Hydrochlorothiazide

19
Q

Drugs in Sport

Diuretics - use for?

A

• Used to achieve rapid weight loss before ‘weighing in’

• May also be used to *‘mask’ the presence of other
banned substances in urine by *dilution

20
Q

Drugs in Sport

β 2 -adrenoceptor Agonists includes agents such as? (2)

A
  1. Salbutamol

2. Terbutaline

21
Q

Drugs in Sport

β 2 -adrenoceptor Agonists - use for?

A

• Used by runners, cyclists, swimmers, etc., to increase
oxygen uptake

• Most studies demonstrate no ergogenic potential of
inhaled β 2 - adrenoceptor agonists in non-asthmatic
athletes

22
Q

Drugs in Sport

β 2 -adrenoceptor Agonists - AE

A
    • Tremor
  • Tachycardia
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Peripheral vasodilation
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hyperglycemia
23
Q

Drugs in Sport

β-adrenoceptor Antagonists
name 3

A

This includes agents such as
Ø Propranolol
Ø Metoprolol
Ø Atenolol

24
Q

Drugs in Sport

β-adrenoceptor Antagonists
use?

A
  • Not banned in most sports, but prohibited in ‘precision’ sports (e.g. shooting, diving, archery)
  • Used by athletes in these sports to reduce tremor and anxiety
25
Q

Gene Therapy

What is gene therapy?

A
  • The therapeutic delivery of genes/DNA into an individual’s cells to treat disease
  • All gene therapy approaches use a vector to deliver the genetic material to cells and also utilize the transcriptional machinery of the cell for gene expression
26
Q

Gene Therapy

Approved gene therapies (2)

A

– Luxturna (vision loss)

– Alipogene tiparvovec (lipoprotein lipase deficiency)

27
Q

Drugs in Sport

Gene Doping for Sports

read

A 
• Targets for gene doping include;
Oxygen delivery
Glucose metabolism
Muscle growth
Preventing pain

• As we learn more and improve our ability to efficiently
deliver DNA into cells/tissues to modify gene/protein
expression, this is a likely area of future concern.

28
Q

Lifestyle Drugs for Improving Cognition

recap methylphenidate, modafinil

A

ok

Controversial topic regarding the use of
methylphenidate or modafinil as “neuro-enhancers”
that may be abused by others to improve
intellectual performance for exams

29
Q

Lifestyle Drugs for Improving Cognition-

Gene therapy

A

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeats) combined with the enzyme Cas9
(CRISPR-associated protein 9) is now being used as a
gene editing technique
- potential for abuse?

30
Q

Supplements for Improving Longevity

Resveratrol

A

• A polyphenol found in red wines and grapes that acts as an antioxidant, and is thought to mediate its actions via activating AMP activated protein kinase or sirtuins

233 FINAL (15 decks)

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