Drugs & Lifestyle Uses Flashcards
What is lifestyle drugs?
What are the 3 types of lifestyle drugs?
Lifestyle drugs are used for non-medical purposes
Lifestyle drugs:
- give pleasure
- Cannabis, alcohol, cocaine, etc.
- modify appearance
- Botox, slimming agents, minoxidil etc.
- improve performance
- Anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, etc.
Give an example for drugs for pleasure that had previous clinical use but abused for lifestyle/recreational uses:
Cocaine as a local anaesthetic
Give an example for drugs for pleasure that had used primarily for recreational purposes now being used clinically:
Marijuana for pain management
Give 4 examples of drugs for appearance:
Botulinum Toxin (BTX):
Minoxidil
Dinitrophenol
Orlistat
What is Botulinum Toxin (BTX)?
• A neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium
Clostridium botulinum , which can be used for relief of
muscle spasm
- Used in cosmetics to decrease facial wrinkles
What is Minoxidil?
• A vasodilator originally developed for hypertension
- Its metabolite minoxidil sulfate increases blood
supply to hair follicles and thereby promotes new
hair growth
What is Dinitrophenol?
• A mitochondrial uncoupler that increases metabolism,
but instead of ATP, heat is generated (thermogenesis)
- Used in 1930s as a diet pill but was banned in US in
1938
What is Orlistat?
• A lipase inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of
dietary fat (triglycerides) used for the treatment of
obesity
- Is the only FDA approved obesity medication
available over-the-counter and can be used for
weight loss/thinning purposes in non-obese
individuals
Which organization publish updated list of prohibited substances for drugs in sport?
World-Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
What are WADA’s 3 categories of prohibited substances/methods?
- Prohibited at all times (In- and Out-of-Competition)
- Prohibited In-Competition
- Prohibited in Particular Sports
Drugs in Sport
Anabolic Agents includes anabolic steroids such as: (6)
- Stanozolol
- Nandrolone (19-nortestosterone)
- Testosterone
- Tetrahydrogestrinone
- Androstenediol
- Clenbuterol
* Clenbuterol is a β 2 -adrenoceptor agonist that also
produces anabolic effects (unknown mechanism)
Drugs in Sport
Anabolic Agents - use for?
AE?
• Are agonists for androgenic receptors and increase
muscle development and *aggression (testosterone-
like effects)
• AE: *infertility, *tumor risk, *cardiovascular risk
Drugs in Sport
Human Growth Hormone use for?
AE?
• Produces similar actions as anabolic steroids but
without the accompanying *aggression and *changes
in sexual development/behavior
• Can also enhance recovery from injury
• AE: acromegaly, overgrowth of the jaw, thickening of
fingers and cardiac hypertrophy
Drugs in Sport
Erythropoietin - use for?
AE?
• Increases red blood cell formation and subsequent
oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
• AE: may increase risk of *hypertension and
*thrombosis
Drugs in Sport
What are some common stimulants that may be abused by athletes to improve performance? (5)
- Ephedrine
- Methylephedrine
- Fenfluramine
- Amiphenazole
- Caffeine
Drugs in Sport
Stimulants can improve performance in ____ events such as sprinting and reduce ____ ____.
Psychological effects may be just as important.
non-endurance
muscle fatigue
Drugs in Sport
Mildronate (Meldonium) - how does it work?
• Inhibition of carnitine biosynthesis aimed to prevent
accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of
fatty acid oxidation in ischemic tissues and to block
this highly oxygen-consuming process
- Increases endurance by enhancing efficiency of
energy production (ATP/per oxygen consumed)
• Used in some countries for the treatment of ischemic
heart disease
Drugs in Sport
Diuretics includes agents such as? (2)
- Furosemide
2. Hydrochlorothiazide
Drugs in Sport
Diuretics - use for?
• Used to achieve rapid weight loss before ‘weighing in’
• May also be used to *‘mask’ the presence of other
banned substances in urine by *dilution
Drugs in Sport
β 2 -adrenoceptor Agonists includes agents such as? (2)
- Salbutamol
2. Terbutaline
Drugs in Sport
β 2 -adrenoceptor Agonists - use for?
• Used by runners, cyclists, swimmers, etc., to increase
oxygen uptake
• Most studies demonstrate no ergogenic potential of
inhaled β 2 - adrenoceptor agonists in non-asthmatic
athletes
Drugs in Sport
β 2 -adrenoceptor Agonists - AE
- Tremor
- Tachycardia
- Dysrhythmias
- Peripheral vasodilation
- Hypokalemia
- Hyperglycemia
Drugs in Sport
β-adrenoceptor Antagonists
name 3
This includes agents such as
Ø Propranolol
Ø Metoprolol
Ø Atenolol
Drugs in Sport
β-adrenoceptor Antagonists
use?
- Not banned in most sports, but prohibited in ‘precision’ sports (e.g. shooting, diving, archery)
- Used by athletes in these sports to reduce tremor and anxiety
Gene Therapy
What is gene therapy?
- The therapeutic delivery of genes/DNA into an individual’s cells to treat disease
- All gene therapy approaches use a vector to deliver the genetic material to cells and also utilize the transcriptional machinery of the cell for gene expression
Gene Therapy
Approved gene therapies (2)
– Luxturna (vision loss)
– Alipogene tiparvovec (lipoprotein lipase deficiency)
Drugs in Sport
Gene Doping for Sports
read
• Targets for gene doping include; Oxygen delivery Glucose metabolism Muscle growth Preventing pain
• As we learn more and improve our ability to efficiently
deliver DNA into cells/tissues to modify gene/protein
expression, this is a likely area of future concern.
Lifestyle Drugs for Improving Cognition
recap methylphenidate, modafinil
ok
Controversial topic regarding the use of
methylphenidate or modafinil as “neuro-enhancers”
that may be abused by others to improve
intellectual performance for exams
Lifestyle Drugs for Improving Cognition-
Gene therapy
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeats) combined with the enzyme Cas9
(CRISPR-associated protein 9) is now being used as a
gene editing technique
- potential for abuse?
Supplements for Improving Longevity
Resveratrol
• A polyphenol found in red wines and grapes that acts as an antioxidant, and is thought to mediate its actions via activating AMP activated protein kinase or sirtuins
