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Sports Medicine > Drugs in Sport > Flashcards

Drugs in Sport Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different methods of taking drugs?

A

Inhalation, topically, orally, parenterally (injection) and rectally

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2
Q

What drugs are prohibited by WADA at all times?

A

Anabolic agents, hormones & related substances, beta-2 agonists, anti-estrogenic agents, diuretics and other masking agents

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3
Q

How are anabolic agents usually administered?

A

Intramuscular injection or taken orally

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4
Q

When do anabolic agents work best?

A

When the user is trained to a catabolic state (overtrained)

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5
Q

What is stacking?

A

Taking several different types of anabolics together

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6
Q

What is cycling?

A

Varying the use of different steroids

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7
Q

When do athletes generally stop taking anabolics?

A

Used as a training aid, so athletes usually stop weeks before an event

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8
Q

On what urine ratio is the detection of anabolics based?

A

> 4 to 1 testosterone to epitestosterone

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9
Q

What is epitestosterone?

A

A naturally occurring form of testosterone that has no performance enhancing effects

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10
Q

What is the purpose of concurrent drugs?

A

To balance the side effects of other drugs

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11
Q

What are three types of concurrent drugs used with anabolics and what is their function?

A

1) Diuretics: Reduce fluid retention
2) Thyroxine: Promotes weight loss
3) Anti-estrogenics: Prevent breast growth

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12
Q

What are the positive effects of anabolics?

A

Increased muscle mass, bone density/size, red blood cells & protein synthesis (due to increased nitrogen retention)

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13
Q

What are the negative effects of anabolics?

A

Increased aggression, depression, mania, psychosis, weight, acne & fluid retention; creates dependency

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14
Q

What effect do anabolics have on HDL and LDL?

A

Decreases HDL (good guys) and increases LDL (bad guys)

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15
Q

The initial increase, then later decrease in sex drive associated with anabolics is an example of what?

A

Negative feedback

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16
Q

What are the possible long-term effects of anabolics?

A

Blood-filled cysts in the liver, fusion of epiphyses in young children

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17
Q

What are the physical effects of anabolics on males?

A

Lowers natural production of testosterone, testes atrophy, low quality/number of sperm, prostate cancer, baldness, increased estrogens/LH, increased fat storage

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18
Q

What are the physical effects of anabolics on females?

A

Increased body hair, lower voice pitch, menstruation ceases, infertility & clitoromegaly

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19
Q

What are hormone drugs also known as?

A

Sports designer drugs

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20
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substances that possess a regulatory effect

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21
Q

Why is hormone doping difficult to detect?

A

Because the natural levels of hormones differ between individuals

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22
Q

What are the positive effects of HGH?

A

Increased protein anabolism/muscle mass, glucose sparing, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid transport and DNA synthesis

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23
Q

What is the anabolic effect of HGH?

A

Stimulates muscle cell division and cartilage cell activity, which increases muscle building ability and growth

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24
Q

What are the potential negative effects of HGH?

A

Acromegally, diabetes, viral infections, impairment of antibody formation, decreased lifespan of 20 years

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25
Q

What is acromegally?

A

Gradual enlargement/elongation of bones, enlargement of heart & breakdown of muscles

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26
Q

How is ACTH usually administered?

A

By injection

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27
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A

Catalyses the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (precursor of all steroidal hormone)

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28
Q

What type of sports is ACTH generally used for?

A

High energy sports

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29
Q

What are the positive effects of ACTH?

A

Increased fat catabolism, produces euphoric mood, stimulates mental drive, anti-inflammatory

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30
Q

What are the possible long-term effects of ACTH?

A

Stomach ulcers, softening of connective tissue, weakening of muscles, osteoporosis, cataracts

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31
Q

In regards to beta-2 agonists, why are only limited declared aerosols not banned?

A

Because some beta-2 agonists have an anabolic effect when used systematically

32
Q

What condition would an athlete have if they got a TUE for beta-2 agonists?

A

Asthma

33
Q

How are anti-estrogenic agents usually taken?

A

Orally

34
Q

What is the function of anti-estrogenic agents?

A

Bind to oestrogen receptors blocking oestrogen from being produced or exerting any action

35
Q

What are the side effects of anti-estrogenic agents?

A

Positive impact on HDL & cholesterol, toxic to liver in high doses, acne, hot flushes, reproductive complications

36
Q

What are the functions of diuretics?

A

Increase urine output, clear drugs and dehydrate to lose weight

37
Q

What are the negative effects of diuretics?

A

Muscle cramps, kidney failure, circulatory failure

38
Q

What are three types of prohibited methods?

A

Oxygen transfer enhancement, chemical & physical manipulation, gene doping

39
Q

Why was erythropoietin (EPO) developed?

A

To counter severe anaemia in renal failure

40
Q

What is the purpose of injecting EPO?

A

Increase packed red blood cell volume

41
Q

How is EPO used to restore homeostasis when blood oxygen levels are low?

A

Stimulus: hypoxia due to decreased RBCs/haemoglobin/availability of oxygen

Causes reduced blood oxygen levels - kidney/liver release EPO - stimulates red bone marrow - increases RBCs - increases oxygen-carrying ability of blood

= homeostasis restored

42
Q

What type of sport is EPO advantageous for?

A

Endurance sports

43
Q

What are the problems associated with EPO?

A

Blood viscosity increases/heart has to work harder, body may stop naturally producing EPO

44
Q

What is the method of blood doping?

A

Approx 1L of blood withdrawn & quick frozen, body naturally replaces blood, approx 7 days before competition blood is reinjected

45
Q

Why is blood drawn for doping quick frozen?

A

To prevent RBC and platelet breakdown

46
Q

On average, by what percentage does blood doping increase haemoglobin?

A

14%

47
Q

On average, by what percentage does blood doping decrease EPO?

A

60%

48
Q

What effect does blood doping have on serum bilirubin level and iron?

A

Increases them due to the breakdown of haemoglobin secreted by the alimentary tract

49
Q

What are the risks associated with blood doping?

A

Transmission of infection, allergic reactions, fever, acute haemolysis (RBC breakdown), anaemia, hyperviscosity syndrome (intra-vascular clotting, heart failure & death)

50
Q

What are the common types of chemical & physical manipulation?

A

Sample tampering, infusions, catheterisation, urine substitution

51
Q

What is the function of gene doping?

A

Provide extra copies of genes to increase muscle mass, blood production and endurance

52
Q

What drugs are prohibited during competition & how long are the prohibited for?

A

Stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids & glucocorticosteroids; prohibited from first event to 24 hours post-competition

53
Q

What are stimulants composed of?

A

Amphetamines synthetically derived from cocaine

54
Q

What are the effects of stimulants?

A

Increased mood (aggression, competitiveness, anxiety) & awareness, decreased judgement, masks sensations of fatigue, increases cardiac output/blood pressure/arrhythmias, disturbs thermoregulation (decreases cooling as blood is pulled away from the skin), creates insomnia, creates dependency

55
Q

What is one type of stimulant that is allowed?

A

Caffeine

56
Q

What are narcotics also known as and why?

A

Pain killers because they depress the CNS

57
Q

What are narcotics derived from?

A

Opiates

58
Q

What are the effects of narcotics?

A

Changes to the limbic system/brain stem, block pain messages transmitted by the spinal cord from the body

59
Q

What is the active ingredient in cannabinoids?

A

THC

60
Q

What are cannabinoids classified as?

A

Recreational drugs

61
Q

What are the effects of cannabinoids?

A

Decreased coordination, motivation, body energy & sperm. increased blood pressure & heart rate, impairs learning

62
Q

True or false: Cannabinoids have performance enhancing effects

A

False

63
Q

What is a possible long-term effect of cannabinoid use?

A

Short-term memory loss

64
Q

Why do athletes often avoid cannabinoids?

A

THC is stored in the fats of the body, so they can be detected months later

65
Q

What are glucocorticosteroids and what are they used for?

A

Powerful anti-inflammatory agents used to treat chronic inflammatory conditions

66
Q

How are glucocorticosteroids administered?

A

Topically

67
Q

What are the long-term effects of glucocorticosteroids?

A

Increased cardiac output and motor activity

68
Q

What are the acute side effects of glucocorticosteroids?

A

Fluid retention, hyperglycaemia, mood alteration

69
Q

What are the chronic side effects of glucocorticosteroids?

A

Systemic infections due to immunosuppression, softening of connective tissue, osteoporosis

70
Q

Why are glucocorticosteroids banned?

A

Because of their side effects, not their performance enhancing effects

71
Q

What are two types of drugs that are not banned by WADA, but are banned during competition by particular international sporting bodies?

A

Alcohol & beta blockers

72
Q

What is the most widely abused drug in the world?

A

Alcohol

73
Q

What are the effects of alcohol?

A

Decreased psychomotor skills, strength, endurance & power, dilation of blood vessels, dehydration & slowing of CNS functions

74
Q

Why does alcohol slow CNS functions?

A

Because it crosses the blood/brain barrier

75
Q

What are the minimum banned levels of alcohol?

A

0.10g/L - 0.20g/L

76
Q

What are beta blockers prescribed for?

A

Cardiac conditions

77
Q

What are the effects of beta blockers?

A

Decreased blood pressure, heart rate, adrenaline actions, anxiety, tremor, cardiac output & oxygen to muscles, produces brachycardia

Sports Medicine (15 decks)

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