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Drugs in Sport Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different methods of taking drugs?

A

Inhalation, topically, orally, parenterally (injection) and rectally

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2
Q

What drugs are prohibited by WADA at all times?

A

Anabolic agents, hormones & related substances, beta-2 agonists, anti-estrogenic agents, diuretics and other masking agents

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3
Q

How are anabolic agents usually administered?

A

Intramuscular injection or taken orally

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4
Q

When do anabolic agents work best?

A

When the user is trained to a catabolic state (overtrained)

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5
Q

What is stacking?

A

Taking several different types of anabolics together

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6
Q

What is cycling?

A

Varying the use of different steroids

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7
Q

When do athletes generally stop taking anabolics?

A

Used as a training aid, so athletes usually stop weeks before an event

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8
Q

On what urine ratio is the detection of anabolics based?

A

> 4 to 1 testosterone to epitestosterone

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9
Q

What is epitestosterone?

A

A naturally occurring form of testosterone that has no performance enhancing effects

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10
Q

What is the purpose of concurrent drugs?

A

To balance the side effects of other drugs

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11
Q

What are three types of concurrent drugs used with anabolics and what is their function?

A

1) Diuretics: Reduce fluid retention
2) Thyroxine: Promotes weight loss
3) Anti-estrogenics: Prevent breast growth

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12
Q

What are the positive effects of anabolics?

A

Increased muscle mass, bone density/size, red blood cells & protein synthesis (due to increased nitrogen retention)

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13
Q

What are the negative effects of anabolics?

A

Increased aggression, depression, mania, psychosis, weight, acne & fluid retention; creates dependency

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14
Q

What effect do anabolics have on HDL and LDL?

A

Decreases HDL (good guys) and increases LDL (bad guys)

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15
Q

The initial increase, then later decrease in sex drive associated with anabolics is an example of what?

A

Negative feedback

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16
Q

What are the possible long-term effects of anabolics?

A

Blood-filled cysts in the liver, fusion of epiphyses in young children

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17
Q

What are the physical effects of anabolics on males?

A

Lowers natural production of testosterone, testes atrophy, low quality/number of sperm, prostate cancer, baldness, increased estrogens/LH, increased fat storage

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18
Q

What are the physical effects of anabolics on females?

A

Increased body hair, lower voice pitch, menstruation ceases, infertility & clitoromegaly

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19
Q

What are hormone drugs also known as?

A

Sports designer drugs

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20
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substances that possess a regulatory effect

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21
Q

Why is hormone doping difficult to detect?

A

Because the natural levels of hormones differ between individuals

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22
Q

What are the positive effects of HGH?

A

Increased protein anabolism/muscle mass, glucose sparing, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid transport and DNA synthesis

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23
Q

What is the anabolic effect of HGH?

A

Stimulates muscle cell division and cartilage cell activity, which increases muscle building ability and growth

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24
Q

What are the potential negative effects of HGH?

A

Acromegally, diabetes, viral infections, impairment of antibody formation, decreased lifespan of 20 years

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25
What is acromegally?
Gradual enlargement/elongation of bones, enlargement of heart & breakdown of muscles
26
How is ACTH usually administered?
By injection
27
What is the function of ACTH?
Catalyses the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (precursor of all steroidal hormone)
28
What type of sports is ACTH generally used for?
High energy sports
29
What are the positive effects of ACTH?
Increased fat catabolism, produces euphoric mood, stimulates mental drive, anti-inflammatory
30
What are the possible long-term effects of ACTH?
Stomach ulcers, softening of connective tissue, weakening of muscles, osteoporosis, cataracts
31
In regards to beta-2 agonists, why are only limited declared aerosols not banned?
Because some beta-2 agonists have an anabolic effect when used systematically
32
What condition would an athlete have if they got a TUE for beta-2 agonists?
Asthma
33
How are anti-estrogenic agents usually taken?
Orally
34
What is the function of anti-estrogenic agents?
Bind to oestrogen receptors blocking oestrogen from being produced or exerting any action
35
What are the side effects of anti-estrogenic agents?
Positive impact on HDL & cholesterol, toxic to liver in high doses, acne, hot flushes, reproductive complications
36
What are the functions of diuretics?
Increase urine output, clear drugs and dehydrate to lose weight
37
What are the negative effects of diuretics?
Muscle cramps, kidney failure, circulatory failure
38
What are three types of prohibited methods?
Oxygen transfer enhancement, chemical & physical manipulation, gene doping
39
Why was erythropoietin (EPO) developed?
To counter severe anaemia in renal failure
40
What is the purpose of injecting EPO?
Increase packed red blood cell volume
41
How is EPO used to restore homeostasis when blood oxygen levels are low?
Stimulus: hypoxia due to decreased RBCs/haemoglobin/availability of oxygen Causes reduced blood oxygen levels - kidney/liver release EPO - stimulates red bone marrow - increases RBCs - increases oxygen-carrying ability of blood = homeostasis restored
42
What type of sport is EPO advantageous for?
Endurance sports
43
What are the problems associated with EPO?
Blood viscosity increases/heart has to work harder, body may stop naturally producing EPO
44
What is the method of blood doping?
Approx 1L of blood withdrawn & quick frozen, body naturally replaces blood, approx 7 days before competition blood is reinjected
45
Why is blood drawn for doping quick frozen?
To prevent RBC and platelet breakdown
46
On average, by what percentage does blood doping increase haemoglobin?
14%
47
On average, by what percentage does blood doping decrease EPO?
60%
48
What effect does blood doping have on serum bilirubin level and iron?
Increases them due to the breakdown of haemoglobin secreted by the alimentary tract
49
What are the risks associated with blood doping?
Transmission of infection, allergic reactions, fever, acute haemolysis (RBC breakdown), anaemia, hyperviscosity syndrome (intra-vascular clotting, heart failure & death)
50
What are the common types of chemical & physical manipulation?
Sample tampering, infusions, catheterisation, urine substitution
51
What is the function of gene doping?
Provide extra copies of genes to increase muscle mass, blood production and endurance
52
What drugs are prohibited during competition & how long are the prohibited for?
Stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids & glucocorticosteroids; prohibited from first event to 24 hours post-competition
53
What are stimulants composed of?
Amphetamines synthetically derived from cocaine
54
What are the effects of stimulants?
Increased mood (aggression, competitiveness, anxiety) & awareness, decreased judgement, masks sensations of fatigue, increases cardiac output/blood pressure/arrhythmias, disturbs thermoregulation (decreases cooling as blood is pulled away from the skin), creates insomnia, creates dependency
55
What is one type of stimulant that is allowed?
Caffeine
56
What are narcotics also known as and why?
Pain killers because they depress the CNS
57
What are narcotics derived from?
Opiates
58
What are the effects of narcotics?
Changes to the limbic system/brain stem, block pain messages transmitted by the spinal cord from the body
59
What is the active ingredient in cannabinoids?
THC
60
What are cannabinoids classified as?
Recreational drugs
61
What are the effects of cannabinoids?
Decreased coordination, motivation, body energy & sperm. increased blood pressure & heart rate, impairs learning
62
True or false: Cannabinoids have performance enhancing effects
False
63
What is a possible long-term effect of cannabinoid use?
Short-term memory loss
64
Why do athletes often avoid cannabinoids?
THC is stored in the fats of the body, so they can be detected months later
65
What are glucocorticosteroids and what are they used for?
Powerful anti-inflammatory agents used to treat chronic inflammatory conditions
66
How are glucocorticosteroids administered?
Topically
67
What are the long-term effects of glucocorticosteroids?
Increased cardiac output and motor activity
68
What are the acute side effects of glucocorticosteroids?
Fluid retention, hyperglycaemia, mood alteration
69
What are the chronic side effects of glucocorticosteroids?
Systemic infections due to immunosuppression, softening of connective tissue, osteoporosis
70
Why are glucocorticosteroids banned?
Because of their side effects, not their performance enhancing effects
71
What are two types of drugs that are not banned by WADA, but are banned during competition by particular international sporting bodies?
Alcohol & beta blockers
72
What is the most widely abused drug in the world?
Alcohol
73
What are the effects of alcohol?
Decreased psychomotor skills, strength, endurance & power, dilation of blood vessels, dehydration & slowing of CNS functions
74
Why does alcohol slow CNS functions?
Because it crosses the blood/brain barrier
75
What are the minimum banned levels of alcohol?
0.10g/L - 0.20g/L
76
What are beta blockers prescribed for?
Cardiac conditions
77
What are the effects of beta blockers?
Decreased blood pressure, heart rate, adrenaline actions, anxiety, tremor, cardiac output & oxygen to muscles, produces brachycardia

Sports Medicine (15 decks)

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