Drugs for Inflammation and Fever Flashcards

1
Q

Bradykinin (Chemical Mediator of Inflammation)

A

Present in an inactive form in plasma and mast cells
Vasodilator that causes pain
Effects similar to histamine
Broken down by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

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2
Q

Complement (Chemical Mediator of Inflammation)

A

Series of at least 20 proteins that combine in a cascade fashion to neutralize or destroy an antigen;
Stimulates histamine release by mast cells

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3
Q

C-Reactive Protein (Chemical Mediator of Inflammation)

A

Protein found in the plasma that is an early marker of inflammation

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4
Q

Cytokines (Chemical Mediator of Inflammation)

A

Proteins produced by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells that mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions.

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5
Q

Histamine (Chemical Mediator of Inflammation)

A

Stored and released by mast cells

Causes vasodilation, smooth-muscle constriction, tissue swelling, and itching

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6
Q

Leukotrienes (Chemical Mediator of Inflammation)

A

Stored and released by mast cells
Effects are similar to histamine
Contribute to symptoms of asthma and allergies

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7
Q

Prostaglandins (Chemical Mediator of Inflammation)

A

Present in most tissues and stored and released by mast cells.
Increase capillary permeability, attract white blood cells to the site of inflammation, cause pain, and induce fever

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8
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may lead to life-threatening shock if untreated

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9
Q

Aspirin adverse effects

A
Stomach pain
Heartburn
Nausea
Vomiting
Tinnitus
Prolonged bleeding time
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10
Q

Celecoxib (Celebrex) (Selective COX-2 Inhibitor) adverse effects

A
Back pain
Peripheral edema
Abdominal pain
Dyspepsia
Flatulence
Dizziness
Headache
Insomnia
Hypertension
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11
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A

Swelling
Pain
Warmth
Redness

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12
Q

Describe the role of histamine in the inflammation process

A

As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.

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13
Q

Describe the role of Mast Cells in the inflammation process

A

Detect foreign agents or injury

Respond by releasing histamine (initiates inflammatory response within seconds)

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14
Q

What are the five chemical mediators of inflammation?

A
Histamine
Leukotrienes
Bradykinin
Complement
Prostaglandins
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15
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for NSAIDs

A

Inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins

Block inflammation by inhibiting cycooxygenase (COX)

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16
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for Salicylates

A

Prevent formation of inflammatory prostaglandins

17
Q

What are the indications for NSAIDs?

A

Mild to moderate pain, inflammation and fever

Have analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory responses

18
Q

What are the indications for Salicylates?

A

Protective effect

Taken in small doses to prevent clot formation, MIs and strokes

19
Q

Salicylism (syndrome)

A

Includes headache, tinnitus and dizziness

Can occur when given high doses of aspirin

20
Q

What are corticosteroids and what is their role in the body?

A

Natural hormones released by the adrenal cortex.

Ability to suppress severe inflammation.

21
Q

Adverse effects of corticosteroids

A

Suppression of the normal functions of adrenal gland, hyperglycemia, mood changes, cataracts, peptic ulcers, electrolyte imbalances and osteoporosis.
Combination of masking signs of active infection and suppressing the immune response creates a potential for infection to grow rapidly and remain undetected.

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Corticosteroids?

A

Inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandins
Suppress histamine release
Inhibit function of phagocytes and lymphocytes

23
Q

What are three anti-pyretic drugs to treat a fever?

A

Aspirin, ibuprofen and acetaminophen

24
Q

What is G6PD deficiency?

A

A genetic disorder that most often affects males. It happens when the body doesn’t have enough of an enzyme (G6PD), which helps red blood cells work. Also protects them from substances in the blood that could harm them

25
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense? (Innate, non-specific)

A
Skin
Mucous membranes
Inflammation
Phagocytes
NK cells
Complement system
Interferons
26
Q

What is the body’s second line of defense (adaptive-specific)

A

Immune response
Specific
Primary cell is the lymphocyte

27
Q

What are six risk factors for aspirin-induced GI bleeding?

A
History of peptic ulcers
>60
Use of anticoagulants or corticosteroids
H-pylori infection
Smoking
Alcohol use
28
Q

Indications for Ibuprofen

A

Pain associated with chronic musculoskeletal disorders such as RA and osteoarthritis, headache, dental pain, and dysmenorrhea.

29
Q

What are the adverse effects of Ibuprofen?

A

Nausea, heartburn, epigastric pain, and dizziness.
GI ulceration with occult or gross bleeding, or renal impairment may occur in patients taking high doses for prolonged periods

30
Q

What syndrome must nurses be alert for in patients using corticosteroids for a prolonged period?

A

Cushing’s syndrome