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FunMed Microbiology > Drugs for bacteria treatment > Flashcards

Drugs for bacteria treatment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Examples of beta lactase

A
  • pencillins - these contain a similar peptide bond to transpeptidsase
  • cephalosporins - 1st to 3rd generation
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2
Q

what do beta-lactams target
what is the action of beta lactams
what type of bacteria does betalactams target
is it bactericidal or

A
  • Target – transpeptidase (pencillin-biding protein) is inhibited
  • Action; competitive inhibitor of transpeptidase, covalently activates serine in the active site of the enzyme
  • What does it target – gram negative, gram positive
  • bactericidal
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3
Q

what are some examples of glycopeptides

A
  • Vancomycin

- Teicoplanin

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4
Q

what do glycopeptides target
what is the action of glycopeptides
what type of bacteria does glycopeptides target
is it bactericidal or

A
  • Target – D-Ala-D-Ala peptide
  • Action – forms hydrogen bonds with D-Ala-D-Ala peptide thus preventing the transpeptidation of peptidoglycan layers, they bind to the things that should be cross-linked.
  • What does it target – gram positive
  • bactericidal
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5
Q

what is the clinical significance of glycopeptides

A 
-	IV administration (Not absorbed orally)
Used to treat
•	Septicaemia
•	Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
•	Skin Infections
•	Bone Infections
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6
Q

what are examples of polymyxins

A
  • Polymyxin B

* Polymyxin E (Colistin)

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7
Q

what do polymyxin target
what is the action of polymyxin
what type of bacteria does polymyxin target
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

Targets; LPS and phospholipids
Action
1. Binds to LPS or negatively charged phospholipids, displacing cations such as calcium and magnesium
2. Destabilises the outer plasma membrane of bacteria.
3. ↑ Permeability of membrane → leakage of ions.
Targets – gram negative bacteria
- bactericidal

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8
Q

what do chloramphenicol target
what is the action of chloramphenicol
what type of bacteria does chloramphenicol target
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

Targets; 50S ribsome subunit

  • Action; inhibits the formation of peptide bonds in the growing polypeptide chains
  • Bacteira that it effects include gram positive, gram negative,
  • bacteriostatic
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9
Q

what is the clinical signficance of chloramphenicol

A

Cheap and broad spectrum

  • Adverse effect – bone marrow suppression which can lead to aplastic anaemia
  • Not to be used trivially
  • Can be chemically synthesized or isolated from streptomcyes
  • Low but serious risk of bone marrow suppression
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10
Q

what are the examples of macrocodes

A
  • Erythromycin and clarithromycin
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11
Q

what do macrolides target
what is the action of macrolides
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A
  • Target 50s ribosome subunit (P site)
  • Action – inhibits the translocation of the growing polypeptide chain
  • bacteriostatic
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12
Q

what are the examples of linocosamides

A

clindamycin, lincomycin

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13
Q

what do linocosamdies target
what is the action of linocosamdies
what type of bacteria does linocosamdies target
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

Target – 50s ribsooem subunit (23S portion)
Action – leads to premature dissociation of peptidyl-tRNA from ribosome
Targets – gram negative and gram positive
can be both bactericidal or bacteriostatic
Achieve a high concentration in host tissue so it is good for intracellular pathogens

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14
Q

what are the examples of tetracyclines

A

doxycycline and minocycline

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15
Q

what do tetracyclines target
what is the action of tetracyclines
what type of bacteria does tetracyclines target
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A
  • Tagert – 30s ribosome subunit
  • Action - Prevents aminoacyl-tRNA attaching to A site on ribosome → formation of non-functional proteins.
  • Targets – gram negative and gram positive
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16
Q

what are the examples of aminoglycodies

A

gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, streptomycin

17
Q

what do aminoglycosides target
what is the action of aminoglycosides
what type of bacteria does aminoglycosides target
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A
  • Target- 30s subunit
  • Action - Change shape of 30S subunit → incorrect reading of mRNA code → inaccurate mRNA translation
  • Targets – gram negative and gram positive
  • bactericidal
18
Q

what is the clinical significance of aminoglycosides

A
  • Use: mostly against gram-negative bacteria, but Streptomycin may be used against M. tuberculosis.
  • Administration: typically IV.
  • Adverse Effect:
  • Hearing loss
  • Renal impairment
19
Q

what are the types of quinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin

20
Q

what do Quinolones/fluoroquinolones target
what is the action of Quinolones/fluoroquinolones
what type of bacteria does Quinolones/fluoroquinolones target
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

Target: Topoisomerase II (DNA Gyrase) + Topoisomerase IV
Action:
Prevents preventing bacterial DNA from unwinding and duplicating
Target bacteria – gram positive and gram negative
In gram negative bacteria what is the target
- DNA gyrase
In gram positive what is the target
- Topoisomerase iV is the target for many
- bactericidal

21
Q

what are the clinical significance of quinolones

A
  • Use: active against intracellular bacteria (Chlamydia spp., Legionella spp., Mycoplasma spp.)
  • Widely used drug.
22
Q

what do rifampicin target
what is the action of rifampicin
what type of bacteria does rifampicin target
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

Target: DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase
Action:
Suppresses RNA synthesis (transcription).
Target bacteria – gram negative and gram positive
In gram negative bacteria DNA gyrase is the target
In gram positive bacteria – topoisomerase IV is the target for many
- bactericidal

23
Q

what is the clinical significance of rifampicin

A

• Use: treatment of tuberculosis.

Lipophillic drug → can cross BBB to treat TB meningitis

24
Q

what are the types of sulphonamides

A

Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfasalazine, Sulfadoxine

25
Q

what do sulphonamides target
what is the action of sulphonamides
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

Target: Dihydropteroate Synthase
Action:
Competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase (drug structure resembles PABA substrate) → preventing synthesis of dihydropteroic acid with downstream consequences of decreasing purines.
- bacteriostatic

26
Q

what are the types of DHFR inhibitors

A

trimethoprim

27
Q

what do DHFR inhibitors target
what is the action of DHFR inhibitors
what type of bacteria does DHFR inhibitors target
is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

Target: Dihydrofolate Reductase
Action:
Competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase → preventing synthesis of THF with downstream consequences of decreasing purines.
Targets – gram negative and gram postiie
It is nearly always used in combination with sulfamethoxazole for syngestic effects
Has anti-malarial properites
- bacteriostatic

FunMed Microbiology (7 decks)

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