DRUGS FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
pathogenesis
A
disease development
2
Q
morphology
A
tissue and cell structure
3
Q
non modifiable risk factors
A
age, sex, ethnicity, race, genetics
4
Q
modifiable risk factors
A
diet, weight, activity level, substance use
5
Q
primary prevention
A
addressing risk factors prior to onset of disease (immunizations)
6
Q
secondary prevention
A
detecting disease while asymptomatic to treat or cure a disease process (pap smear, blood pressure monitoring, lab tests)
7
Q
tertiary prevention
A
intervening to prevent further deterioration and/or limit disease complications (medications, surgeries, support groups)
8
Q
hypoxic cellular injury
A
deprives cells of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and ATP generation
9
Q
causes of hypoxic cell injury
A
inadequate oxygen in air, respiratory disease, inability of cells to use oxygen, edema, ischemia
10
Q
pharmacokinetics
A
mechanisms by which medications travel throughout the body and undergo biochemical processes to achieve outcomes
11
Q
ADME
A
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
12
Q
half-life
A
amount of time required for the body to metabolize half of the medication
13
Q
pharmacodynamics
A
relationship between the medication and the organ systems to produce effects
14
Q
agonist
A
bind to or mimic receptor activity
15
Q
antagonist
A
block the usual receptor activity
16
Q
cardinal signs of inflammation
A
rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of function)
17
Q
serous exudate
A
watery, minimal proteins; results from plasma entering the inflammatory site
18
Q
hemorrhagic exudate
A
occurs with severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant leakage of RBCs from capillaries
19
Q
membranous or pseudomembranous
A
mucous membrane surfaces; composed of necrotic cells within a fibropurulent exudate
20
Q
purulent or suppurative exudate
A
contains pus; composed of degraded leukocytes, proteins, and tissue debris
21
Q
fibrinous exudate
A
contains large amounts of fibrinogen; forms a thick and sticky meshwork
22
Q
healing by primary intention
A
small, clean wound; no tissue loss
23
Q
healing by secondary intention
A
great loss of tissue with contamination
24
Q
stages of healing
A
inflammatory, proliferative, remodeling
25
inflammatory stage of healing
onset at time of injury; formation of blood clot and migration of phagocytes
26
proliferative stage of healing
primary aim to build new tissue to fill wound space
27
remodeling stage of healing
onset 3 weeks after injury with the development of scarring; decreased vascularity
28
causes of impaired wound healing
malnutrition, impaired blood flow and oxygen delivery, impaired inflammatory and immune responses, infection, wound separation, foreign bodies, aging
29
functions of nervous system
controls skeletal muscle movement, help regulate cardiac and visceral smooth muscle, enable reception, integration, and perception of sensory information, facilitate adjustment to external environment
30
ANS functions
regulating, adjusting, and coordinating vital visceral functions (blood pressure, blood flow, body temperature, respiration, digestion, metabolism, elimination)
31
nociceptive pain
nociceptors are activated in response to actual or impending tissue injury
32
neuropathic
arises from direct injury to nerves
33
cutaneous
sharp, burning pain; origin in skin or subcutaneous tissues
34
deep somatic
more diffuse and throbbing, origin in body structures
35
visceral
diffuse and poorly defined; results from stretching, distention, and ischemia of tissues
36
referred
originates at visceral site but perceived as originating in part of the body wall that is innervated by neurons entering the same segment of the NS
37
nonpharmacologic pain management
cognitive-behavioral (relaxation, distraction, guided imagery, biofeedback), heat, cold, acupuncture
38
pharmacologic interventions
non-opioid analgesics (NSAIDS, acetaminophen), opioid agonists (morphine), opioid antagonists (naloxone), adjuvant agents (gabapentin)
39
first generation NSAIDS
ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, ketorolac)
40
NSAIDS therapeutic use
inflammation suppression, mild-moderate pain, fever reduction
41
NSAIDS complications
DYSPEPSIA, HEARTBURN, abdominal pain, nausea, decreased urine output, weight gain, increased BUN/creatinine
42
NSAIDS contraindications
hypersensitivity reactions, pregnancy, PUD, bleeding disorders
43
NSAIDS interactions
anticoagulants, glucocorticoids, EtOH, OTC medications
44
acetaminophen therapeutic uses
analgesia, antipyretic effects, preferred in children with viral infection
45
acetaminophen complications
ACUTE TOXICITY: liver damage with NVD, sweating, abdominal pain
46
acetaminophen contraindications
pregnancy, hypersensitivity reactions, liver disease, EtOH
47
acetaminophen interactions
EtOH, anticoagulants, acetylcysteine
48
morphine therapeutic uses
moderate to severe pain, sedation
49
morphine complications
RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, CONSTIPATION, URINARY RETENTION, SEDATION, OPIOID TOXICITY TRIAD (coma, respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils), orthostatic hypotension, cough suppression, NV
50
morphine contraindications
caution in pregnancy, premature infants, respiratory conditions, GI conditions with constipation, hepatic/renal disease
51
morphine interactions
CNS DEPRESSANTS, anticholinergics, antihypertensives
52
naloxone therapeutic uses
reversal of opioid effects
53
naloxone complications
tachycardia, tachypnea, abstinence syndrome
54
naloxone contraindications
pregnancy, opioid dependence
55
naloxone interactions
opioid agonists
56
gabapentin therapeutic uses
neuropathic pain, neuralgia
57
gabapentin complications
bone marrow suppression, NVD, constipation, drowsiness, rash
58
gabapentin contraindications
pregnancy
59
gabapentin interactions
CNS depressants
60
migraine clinical manifestations
without aura: pulsatile, throbbing, unilateral headache that lasts 1-2 days and is aggravated by routine physical activity; NV, photophobia, phonophobia
with aura: similar to without aura, with reversible visual symptoms; flickering lights, spots, lines, numbness
61
pharmacologic management of migraines
NSAIDS, acetaminophen, serotonin receptor agonists (triptans): sumatriptan
62
sumatriptan therapeutic uses
abortive therapy for migraine
63
sumatriptan complications
CHEST PRESSURE (heavy arms, chest tightness), coronary artery vasospasm/angina, DIZZINESS
64
sumatriptan contraindications
pregnancy risk vs reward, liver failure, ischemic heart disease, MI history, uncontrolled HTN, cardiovascular disease
65
sumatriptan interactions
MAOIs, concurrent use of triptans, SSRIs
66
myasthenia gravis
disorder of transmission at the NMJ that affects communication between the motoneuron and the innervated myocyte
67
myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations
GENERALIZED WEAKNESS AND FATIGUE WITH SUSTAINED EFFORT, ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia, proximal limb weakness, speech impairments, MYASTHENIC CRISIS (airway and breathing)
68
myasthenia gravis treatment
reversible cholinersterase inhibitors (neostigmine), immunosuppressive therapies, IV immunoglobulin, supportive measures during acute crisis
69
neostigmine therapeutic uses
myasthenia gravis
70
neostigmine complications
EXCESSIVE MUSCARINIC STIMULATION (increased GI motility/secretions, diaphoresis, increased salivation, bradycardia, urinary urgency, CHOLINERGIC CRISIS (bronchospasm/cardiac arrest))
71
neostigmine contraindications
obstruction of renal and GI systems, seizure disorders, hyperthyroidism, PUD, asthma, bradycardia, hypotension
72
neostigmine interactions
atropine, NM blockers (succinylcholine)
73
Guillain-Barre syndrome
acute, immune-mediated polyneuropathy; results in demyelination of neurons
74
Guillain-Barre clinical manifestations
progressive, ascending muscle weakness of limbs, paraesthesia, numbness, cranial nerve impairments, ANS responses, pain
75
Guillain-Barre treatment
supportive measures based on level of paralysis, IVIG
76
Parkinson's Disease
degenerative disorder of BG that results in tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia
77
Parkinson's clinical manifestations
rhythmic tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, shuffled gait, cognitive decline
78
Parkinson's treatment
nonpharmacologic: group support, daily exercise, adequate nutrition/hydration
pharmacologic: dopaminergic agents (levodopa/carbidopa), anticholinergic agents (benztropine)
79
levodopa/carbidopa therapeutic uses
PD
80
levodopa/carbidopa complications
NV, drowsiness, DYSKINESIAS (tics, tremors, head bobbing), ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION, tachycardia, palpitations, psychosis
81
levodopa/carbidopa contraindications
cardiovascular disorders
82
levodopa/carbidopa interactions
pyridoxine, antipsychotics, MAOIs, TCAs
83
benztropine therapeutic uses
diminish cholinergic effects
84
benztropine complications
NV, ATROPINE-LIKE EFFECTS (dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation), ANTIHISTAMINE EFFECTS (sedation, drowsiness)
85
benztropine contraindications
glaucoma, visual disturbances, constipation, urinary retention
86
benztropine interactions
CNS depressants, anticholinergics, antipsychotics, TCAs
87
multiple sclerosis
inflammation and demyelination of cells in CNS; many exacerbations and remissions; increasing neurologic deficits with disease progression
88
MS treatment
nonpharmacologic: supportive care
pharmacologic: CORTICOSTEROIDS (PREDNISONE), ANTISPASMODICS (DIAZEPAM, CYCLOBENZAPRINE), Ivig, disease-modifying agents (interferon beta, mitoxantrone)
88
MS clinical manifestations
paresthesias, gait disturbances, pain due to spasticity, fatigue, speech disturbances
89
prednisone therapeutic uses
acute inflammation during MS exacerbation
90
prednisone complications
hyperglycemia, fluid/electrolyte imbalances, osteoporosis, ADRENAL SUPPRESSION, PEPTIC ULCERS, GI discomforts, infection
91
prednisone contraindications
DM, osteoporosis, endocrine disorders, GI disorders, immunocompromised/infections
92
prednisone interactions
ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS, NSAIDS, acetaminophen, EtOH, diuretics, immunizations, oral contraceptives, estrogens
93
diazepam therapeutic uses
MUSCLE SPASMS, anxiety/panic, insomnia, status epilepticus, EtOH withdrawal, anesthesia
94
diazepam complications
CNS DEPRESSION (sleepiness, fatigue, apathy, confusion, weakness), bradycardia, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, CARDIAC ARREST, incontinence, retention, dependence
95
diazepam contraindications
pregnancy (fetal malformations), caution with renal/hepatic impairments, comorbid cardiopulmonary conditions
96
diazepam interactions
CNS DEPRESSANTS
97
cyclobenzaprine therapeutic uses
relief of muscle spasm related to muscle injury
98
cyclobenzaprine complications
CNS DEPRESSION, ANTICHOLINERGIC EFFECTS, MI, SEIZURES, cardiac dysrhythmias
99
cyclobenzaprine contraindications
cardiac history, seizure history
100
cyclobenzaprine interactions
CNS DEPRESSANTS, ANTIHISTAMINES, MAOIs
101
seizure
abnormal behavior caused by electrical discharge from neurons in cerebral cortex; classified into focal (partial) or generalized
102
focal seizures
begin in specific area of one cerebral hemisphere; can happen with or without impairment of consciousness/awareness
103
generalized seizures
begin simultaneously in both cerebral hemispheres; motor (tonic-clonic) or nonmotor
104
status epilecticus
seizures that do not stop spontaneously or occur without recovery; may lead to respiratory failure/death if left untreated
105
seizure treatment
pharmacologic: traditional AEDs (phenytoin, valproic acid), newer AEDs (levetiracetam), benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam)
106
phenytoin therapeutic uses
focal and tonic-clonic seizures
107
phenytoin complications
CNS (nystagmus, sedation, ataxia, cognitive impairments), gingival hyperplasia, skin rashes, DYSRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC ARREST, hypotension, ENDOCRINE (coarse facial features, hirsutism, vitamin D metabolism disturbances)
108
phenytoin contraindications
pregnancy (teratogenic), BBW: SLOW IV PUSH
109
phenytoin interactions
highly toxic profile with narrow therapeutic index
110
valproic acid therapeutic uses
focal and generalized seizures (tonic-clonic, myoclonic, absence)
111
valproic acid complications
GI (NV, indigestion, abdominal pain, anorexia, pancreatitis), HEPATOTOXICITY (jaundice), thrombocytopenia, bone marrow suppression, hyperammonemia
111
valproic acid contraindications
pregnancy (teratogenic), BBW (risk for suicidality, liver failure, pancreatitis)
112
valproic acid interactions
CNS DEPRESSANTS, AEDS, antibiotics, antifungals, antipsychotics
112
levetiracetam therapeutic uses
focal and generalized seizures (tonic-clonic, myoclonic)
112
levetiracetam complications
CNS (dizziness, agitation, anxiety, depression, SI, vision disturbances), GI (dyspepsia)
113
levetiracetam contraindications
avoid in pregnancy, SI, psychiatric conditions
114
levetiracetam interactions
minor interactions (oral anticoagulants)
115
diazepam & lorazepam therapeutic uses
muscle spasms, anxiety/panic, insomnia, STATUS EPILEPTICUS, EtOH withdrawal, anesthesia
116
diazepam & lorazepam complications
CNS DEPRESSION (sleepiness, fatigue, apathy, confusion, weakness), bradycardia, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, CARDIAC ARREST, incontinence, retention, dependence
117
diazepam & lorazepam contraindications
pregnancy (risk for fetal malformations), renal/hepatic impairments, comorbid cardiopulmonary conditions
118
diazepam & lorazepam interactions
CNS DEPRESSANTS
119
GAD clinical manifestations
apprehension, anxiety, tension, autonomic hyperactivity, fatigue, inability to concentrate, sleep disturbances
120
GAD treatment
nonpharmacologic: CBT, meditation/mindfulness, relaxation, supportive care
pharmacologic: benzodiazepines (alprazolam), atypical anxiolytics (buspirone), SSRIs
121
alprazolam therapeutic uses
GAD, PANIC DISORDER, seizures, insomnia, muscle spasms, EtOH withdrawal, induction of anesthesia
122
aprazolam complications
CNS DEPRESSANTS, anterograde amnesia, TOXICITY, paradoxical response, withdrawal effects
123
alprazolam contraindications
not safe in pregnancy/lactation, sleep apnea, respiratory depression, short-term use
124
alprazolam interactions
CNS DEPRESSANTS, grapefruit juice, oral contraceptives
125
buspirone therapeutic uses
GAD, panic disorder, social anxiety, bruxism
126
buspirone complications
DIZZINESS, nausea, HA, agitation, lightheadedness, constipation, SI
127
buspirone contraindications
do not give within 14 days of MAOIs
128
buspirone interactions
erythromycin, ketoconazole, St. Johns wort, grapefruit juice, CNS depressants
129
MDD clinical manifestations
lack of interest in activities/hobbies, lack of appetite, inability to concentrate/make decisions, feelings of worthlessness, lack of energy, decreased motor skills, substance use, sleep disturbances, recurring thoughts of suicide
130
MDD treatment
nonpharmacologic: CBT, problem-solving therapy, phototherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, supportive care
pharmacologic: SSRIs (fluoxetine), serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine), tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline), MAOIs (phenelzine)
131
fluoxetine therapeutic uses
MDD, OTHER DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS, panic/GAD, bipolar disorder, social anxiety disorder
132
fluoxetine complications
sexual dysfunction, CNS stimulation, weight loss/gain, SI, SEROTONIN SYNDROME WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME, bruxism
133
fluoxetine contraindications
potential fetal harm, concurrent use of TCAs and MAOIs, BBW (SI)
134
venlafaxine therapeutic uses
MDD, social anxiety disorder, GAD, panic disorder, pain
134
fluoxetine interactions
TCAs, MAOIs, ST. JOHNS WORT, warfarin, NSAIDS, anticoagulants
135
venlafaxine complications
nausea, anorexia, weight loss, HA, insomnia, anxiety, HTN, tachycardia, SI, dizziness, blurred vision, WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME, SEROTONIN SYNDROME, sexual dysfunction
136
venlafaxine contraindications
avoid in pregnancy/lactation, taper slowly when discontinuing, BBW (SI)
137
venlafaxine interactions
MAOIs, CNS DEPRESSANTS, ST JOHNS WORT, anticoagulants, NSAIDS
138
amitriptyline therapeutic uses
DEPRESSION, depressive episodes of bipolar disorder, neuropathic pain, anxiety disorders
139
amitriptyline complications
orthostatic hypotension, ANTICHOLINERGIC EFFECTS, SEDATION, TOXICITY (dysrhythmias, confusion, agitation, seizures, coma, death), DECREASED SEIZURE THRESHOLD, diaphoresis
140
amitriptyline contraindications
caution in pregnancy/lactation, seizure disorders, MI history, BBW (SI)
141
phenelzine complications
CNS stimulation, orthostatic hypotension, HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS, liver damage/disease
141
amitriptyline interactions
MAOIs, ST JOHNS WORT, ANTIHISTAMINES, ANTICHOLINERGICS, CNS depressants, cardiac agents
142
phenelzine therapeutic uses
DEPRESSION, panic disorder, GAD
143
phenelzine contraindications
caution in pregnancy/lactation, SSRIs, HF, cardiovascular disease, BBW (SI)
144
phenelzine interactions
TCAs, SSRIs, ANTIHYPERTENSIVES, TYRAMINE-RICH FOODS (aged cheese, pepperoni, salami, avocados, figs, bananas, beers, wines)
145
bipolar disorder treatment
mood stabilizer (lithium)
146
lithium therapeutic uses
BPD
147
lithium complications
GI (NVD, abdominal pain), fine hand tremors, polyuria, thirst, weight gain, RENAL TOXICITY, goiter, hypothyroidism, DYSRHYTHMIAS, ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES, hypotension, LITHIUM TOXICITY
148
lithium contraindications
avoid use in pregnancy/lactation, BBW: lithium toxicity
149
lithium interactions
diuretics, antihypertensives, NSAIDS, anticholinergics, SSRIs, antipsychotics
150
schizophrenia treatment
first generation antipsychotics (chlorpromazine), second generation antipsychotics (risperidone)
151
chlorpromazine contraindications
caution in pregnancy/lactation, BBW (death in elderly patients with dementia-related disorders)
151
chlorpromazine therapeutic uses
acute and chronic psychotic disorders, schizophrenia
152
chlorpromazine complications
extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS: acute dystonia, parkinsonism, tar dive dyskinesia) neuroleptic malignant symptoms (NMS: sudden high-grade fever, BP changes, dysrhythmias, muscle rigidity, change in consciousness), SEZIURES, sexual dysfunction, AGRANULOCYTOSIS (low WBCs)
153
chlorpromazine interactions
anticholinergics, CNS depressants, levodopa
154
risperidone therapeutic uses
SCHIZOPHRENIA DISORDERS, psychotic episodes, bipolar/impulsive disorders
155
risperidone complications
DM, weight gain, hypercholesterolemia, orthostatic hypotension, sexual dysfunction, ANTICHOLINERGIC EFFECTS, AGITATION, DIZZINESS, SEDATION, MILD EPS
156
risperidone contraindications
caution in pregnancy/lactation, BBW (death in elderly patients with dementia-related disorders)
157
risperidone interactions
CNS depressants, antipsychotics, levodopa, anticholinergics
158
pharmacologic treatment of HTN
loop diuretics (furosemide), thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide HCTZ), potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone), ACEi (captopril), ARB (losartan), beta adrenergic blockers (cardio selective B1: metoprolol, nonselective B1 and B2: propanolol), CCB (nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem)
159
furosemide therapeutic uses
HTN, pulmonary edema, HF
160
furosemide complications
dehydration, HYPOVOLEMIA, HYPONATREMIA, HYPOKALEMIA, OTOTOXICITY, hypotension
161
furosemide contraindications
anuria, liver disease, DM, electrolyte depletion
162
furosemide interactions
digoxin, antihypertensives, lithium, ototoxic agents
163
HCTZ therapeutic uses
HTN, fluid volume overload, DI, prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
164
HCTZ complications
dehydration, HYPONATREMIA, HYPOKALEMIA, hypochloremia, hyperglycemia
165
HCTZ contraindications
some risk to newborns in pregnancy, renal impairment, CVD, DM, electrolyte abnormalities
166
HCTZ interactions
digoxin, antihypertensives
167
spironolactone therapeutic uses
HTN, edema, HF, hyperaldosteronism
168
spironolactone complications
HYPERKALEMIA, voice changes, impotence, dysmenorrhea, GYNECOMASTIA, hirsutism, metabolic acidosis
169
spironolactone contraindications
wear gloves (fetal harm), hyperkalemia, taking K supplements, anuria, kidney/liver disease, metabolic acidosis
170
spironolactone interactions
ACEi, ARB, potassium
171
captopril therapeutic uses
HTN, HF, MI
172
captopril complications
orthostatic hypotension, COUGH, HYPERKALEMIA, ANGIOEDEMA, rash, neutropenia
173
captopril contraindications
not safe for pregnancy/breastfeeding, angioedema, single kidney, kidney impairment, immunocompromised
174
captopril interactions
diuretics, antihypertensives, potassium, lithium
175
losartan therapeutic uses
HTN, CVA prevention, delay diabetic neuropathy
176
losartan complications
ANGIOEDEMA, hypotension, dizziness, lightheadedness
177
losartan contraindications
not safe in pregnancy/breastfeeding, single kidney, ANGIOEDEMA D/T CAPTOPRIL
178
metoprolol therapeutic uses
HTN, angina, tachydysrhythmias, HF, MI, migraine, hyperthyroidism
179
metoprolol complications
BRADYCARDIA, DECREASED CO, AV block, orthostatic hypotension
180
metoprolol contraindications
caution in pregnancy/breastfeeding, bradycardia, asthma, DM, hypotension
181
metoprolol interactions
CCB, antihypertensives
182
propranolol therapeutic uses
HTN, angina, tachydysrhythmias, HF, MI, migraine, hyperthyroidism, anxiety
AF, A-flutter, SVT, recurent VT, exercise induced tachydysrhythmis
183
propanolol complications
beta 1 blockade, BRONCHOCONSTRICTION, HYPOGLYCEMIA, HYPOTENSION, BRADYCARDIA, SINUS ARREST, BRONCHOSPASM
184
propanolol contraindications
caution in pregnancy/breastfeeding, bradycardia, asthma, DM, bronchospasm, HF
185
propanolol interactions
CCB, antihypertensives
186
nifedipine therapeutic uses
HTN, angina
187
nifedipine complications
tachycardia, hypotension, TOXICITY
188
nifedipine contraindications
MI, unstable angina, heart block
189
nifedipine interactions
beta blockers, P450 agents
190
verapamil & diltiazem therapeutic uses
HTN, angina, cardiac dysrhythmias, vent rate control in AF and A-flutter
191
verapamil & diltiazem complications
hypotension, bradycardia, DYSRHYTHMIAS, TOXICITY
192
verapamil & diltiazem contraindications
AV block, severe HF
193
verapamil & diltiazem interactions
beta blockers, digoxin, P450 agents
194
hypertensive crisis
systolic BP > 180 and/or diastolic > 120
195
hypertensive crisis medications
centrally acting vasodilator (nitroprusside), vasodilator (nitroglycerin), CCB (nicardipine), beta blockers (labetalol)
196
nitroprusside complications
excessive hypotension, brady/tachycardia, ECG changes, toxicity (HA, drowsiness, cardiac arrest)
197
nitroprusside contraindications
liver/kidney disease, hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalances
198
heart failure
reduced pumping ability of the heart
199
ejection fraction
blood pumped out of ventricles with each contraction
200
HF clinical manifestations
respiratory: SOB, dyspnea, DOE, crackles; fatigue, weakness, confusion, fluid retention, edema, cachexia, malnutrition, cyanosis, arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death
201
HF treatment
nonpharmacologic: modifiable risk factors, oxygen therapy, heart transplant
pharmacologic: ACEi or ARB (captopril, valsartan), beta blockers (metoprolol), diuretics (furosemide, HCTZ), cardiac glycosides (digoxin)
202
valsartan therapeutic uses
HTN, HF, MI, mortality reduction
203
valsartan complications
ANGIOEDEMA, hypotension, dizziness, lightheadedness
204
valsartan contraindications
not safe for pregnancy/breastfeeding, single kidney, ANGIOEDEMA D/T ACEi
205
valsartan interactions
antihypertensives, lithium
205
digoxin therapeutic uses
2nd line agent for HF, dysrhythmias
206
digoxin complications
DYSRHYTHMIAS, CARDIOTOXICITY, HYPOKALEMIA, bradycardia, anorexia, NV, abdominal pain, fatigue, weakness, vision changes
207
digoxin contraindications
caution in pregnancy/breastfeeding, ventricular dysrhythmias, heart block, hypokalemia, advanced HF, impaired renal fx
208
digoxin interactions
DIURETICS (hypokalemia), ACEi and ARB (hyperkalemia), sympathomimetics (dopamine), verapamil
209
circulatory shock
acute failure of circulatory system to supply enough blood, resulting in hypoxia
210
atrial fibrillation
rapid, disorganized atrial firing; ECG has discernible P waves and irregular QRS complexes
211
ventricular tachycardia
impulse originates after bifurcation of bundle of His or somewhere in ventricular conduction system; wide/tall QRS
212
ventricular fibrillation
ventricular quivering without actual contractions; ECG has disorganized fibrillations without identifiable waveforms or intervals
213
antidysrhythmic agents
class I sodium channel blockers (lidocaine), class II beta blockers (propranolol), class III potassium channel blockers (amiodarone), class IV CCB (verapamil)
214
lidocaine therapeutic. uses
short term use for ventricular dysrhythmias
215
lidocaine complications
CNS (drowsiness, AMS, paresthesias, SEIZURES), RESPIRATORY ARREST
216
lidocaine contraindications
pregnancy/breastfeeding risk vs reward, liver/kidney injuries, AV block, SB, HF
217
lidocaine interactions
cimetidine, beta blockers, phenytoin
218
amiodarone therapeutic uses
VT, VF, AF
219
amiodarone complications
PULMONARY TOXICITY, SB, PHLEBITIS, AV block, liver/thyroid dysfunction, GI disturbances, photosensitivity
220
amiodarone contraindications
not safe in pregnancy/breastfeeding, AV block, SB, liver/thyroid/respiratory dx, HF, fluid/electrolyte imbalances
221
amiodarone interactions
quinidine, procainamide, digoxin, diltiazem, warfarin, st johns wort, rifampin, cholestyramine, diuretics, antidysrhythmics, beta blockers, grapefruit juice
222
UA/NSTEMI
no changes to ST segment on ECG; UA has no evidence of serum markers for myocardial damage, NSTEMI has serum marker of myocardial injury present
223
STEMI clinical manifestations
severe, crushing, constricting, suffocating pain (substernal, left arm/neck/jaw), SOB, back pain, epigastric pain, NV, fatigue, weakness, irritability, anxiety, pale/cool/moist skin, impending sense of doom, tachycardia, dysrhythmias
223
STEMI
ST elevations on ECG; ischemic death of myocardial tissue associated with coronary atherosclerotic disease
224
ACS treatment
morphine, oxygen, organic nitrates (nitroglycerin), aspirin, metoprolol
225
nitroglycerin therapeutic uses
acute angina, px chronic stable angina
226
nitroglycerin complications
HA, ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION, reflex tachycardia, tolerance
227
nitroglycerin contraindications
caution in pregnancy/breastfeeding, hypersensitivity, anemia, glaucoma, TBI, antihypertensives, hyperthyroidism, kidney/liver dx
228
nitroglycerin interactions
EtOH, antihypertensives, PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE 5 INHIBITORS (PDES5)
229
cardiac rehabilitation medication
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (atorvastatin)
230
atorvastatin therapeutic uses
primary cholesterolemia, PX CORONARY EVENTS, PX MI AND STROKE
231
atorvastatin complications
HEPATOTOXICITY, MYOPATHY
232
atorvastatin contraindications
avoid in pregnancy/breastfeeding, liver dx, kidney impairment
233
atorvastatin interactions
fibrates, P450 inhibitors,
