Drugs, Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
pilocarpine
A
cholinergic
opthalmic and oral muscarinic receptors
glaucoma, xerostomia
2
Q
cevimeline
A
cholinergic
oral muscarinic
xerostomia
3
Q
carbachol
A
cholinergic
opthalmic muscarinic
glaucoma
4
Q
bethanechol
A
cholinergic
bladder muscarinic
postop, postpartum urinary retention, atonic neurogenic bladder, gastric atony
5
Q
methacholine
A
cholinergic
lung muscarinic
test for asthma
6
Q
nicotine
A
nonspecific activation of muscarinic and nicotinic
activates PNS and SNS
7
Q
nicotine replacement therapy
A
a4b2 neural nicotinic
reduces withdrawal symptoms, delivers nicotine slower than smoking
cannot smoke while taking
8
Q
varenicline
A
a4b2 neuronal nicotinic
partial agonist
smoking cessation
ADR: vivid dreams, psychiatric disorders (BBW)
9
Q
buproprion
A
primarily antidepressant, used in smoking cessation
ADR: lower seizure threshold (dose limiting)
10
Q
rivastigmine
A
alzheimer AChI
only mild-moderate AD
ADR: bradycardia (dose limiting), dizziness, increased urination, nausea, diarrhea (concern for bleed)
11
Q
galantamine
A
alzheimer AChI
only mild-moderate AD
ADR: bradycardia (dose limiting), dizziness, increased urination, nausea, diarrhea (concern for bleed)
12
Q
donepezil
A
alzheimer AChI
mild-moderate, moderate-severe AD
ADR: bradycardia (dose limiting), dizziness, increased urination, nausea, diarrhea (concern for bleed)
13
Q
edrophonium
A
non AD AChI
muscular nicotinic in NMJ, can affect muscarinic also
MG diagnosis, NMB reversal
ADR: salivation, urination, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, ab cramping, muscle cramping
14
Q
neostigmine
A
non AD AChI
muscular nicotinic in NMJ, can affect muscarinic also
MG treatment, NMB reversal, postop ileus, postop urinary retention
ADR: salivation, urination, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, ab cramping, muscle cramping
15
Q
pyridostigmine
A
non AD AChI
muscular nicotinic in NMJ, can affect muscarinic also
MG treatment, NMB reversal
ADR: salivation, urination, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, ab cramping, muscle cramping
16
Q
ambenonium
A
non AD AChI
muscular nicotinic in NMJ, can affect muscarinic also
MG treatment
ADR: salivation, urination, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, ab cramping, muscle cramping
17
Q
malathion
A
irreversible AChI
peripheral and central muscarinic and nicotinic
lice, pesticide
cholinergic toxidrome –> SLUDGE/BBB
18
Q
parathion
A
irreversible AChI
peripheral and central muscarinic and nicotinic
pesticide
cholinergic toxidrome –> SLUDGE/BBB
19
Q
sarin
A
Irreversible AChI
peripheral and central muscarinic and nicotinic
nerve gas
cholinergic toxidrome –> SLUDGE/BBB
20
Q
pralidoxime
A
2-PAM
breaks bond between organophosphate and receptor PRIOR to aging
taken with atropine to take up ACh receptors
21
Q
atracurium
A
non depolorizing NMB muscular nicotinic antagonist endotracheal intubation reversed with neostigmine and atropine ADR: prolonged apnea
22
Q
cisatracurium
A
non depolorizing NMB muscular nicotinic antagonist endotracheal intubation reversed with neostigmine and atropine ADR: prolonged apnea
23
Q
rocuronium
A
non depolorizing NMB muscular nicotinic antagonist endotracheal intubation reversed with suggamadex ADR: prolonged apnea
24
Q
vecuronium
A
non depolorizing NMB muscular nicotinic antagonist endotracheal intubation reversed with suggamadex ADR: prolonged apnea
25
pancuronium
```
non depolorizing NMB
muscular nicotinic antagonist
endotracheal intubation
reversed with neostigmine and atropine
ADR: prolonged apnea
```
26
succinylcholine
```
depolarizing NMB
nicotinic receptors
endotrachea intubation
reversed with dantrolene
ADR: prolonged apnea
```
27
atropine, belladonna, cyclopentolate, scopolamine, homatropine, trihexyphenidyl, benztropine, glycopyrrolate, discyclomine, hyoscyamine, ipratropium, tiotropium, aclidinium, umeclidinium, tolterodine, fesoterodine, oxybutynin, darienacin, solifenacin, trospium, flavoxate
anti muscarinic
muscarinic receptors
asthma/COPD, overactive bladder, motion sickness, parkinsons
ADR: anticholinergic toxidrome (dry, hot, fast
28
amphetamine
central stimulants: amphetamines
promotes release of NE and some DA
ADHD
29
dextraoamphetamine
central stimulants: amphetamines
| promotes release of NE and some DA
30
lisdexamfetamine
central stimulants: amphetamines
promotes release of NE and some DA
prodrug
binge eating disorder
31
methamphetamine
central stimulants: amphetamines
promotes release of NE and some DA
narcolepsy
32
methylphenidate; dexmethylphenidate
central stimulants: non amphetamines
blocks DA reuptake
ADHD, narcolepsy, binge eating
33
atomoxetine
non central stimulant
NET reuptake inhibition
ADHD
34
modafinil
non central stimulant
increase NE, DA
narcolepsy, circadian rhythm disturbances
35
midodrine
alpha 1 agonist
orthostatic hypotension
ADR: vasoconstriction, nasal constriction, contraction of bladder, mydriasis
36
phenylephrine
alpha 1 agonist
cough, cold, IV vasopressor
ADR: vasoconstriction, nasal constriction, contraction of bladder, mydriasis, reflex bradycardia
37
psudophedrine
alpha 1 agonist
decongestant
ADR: vasoconstriction, nasal constriction, contraction of bladder, mydriasis
38
oxymetazoline
alpha 1 agonist
nasal spray
decongestant
ADR: do not use more than 3 days --> rhinitis medicamentosa
vasoconstriction, nasal constriction, contraction of bladder, mydriasis
39
naphazoline
alpha 1 agonist
eye drop
red eye treatment
ADR: vasoconstriction, nasal constriction, contraction of bladder, mydriasis
40
norepinephrine
alpha 1, alpha 2 >> beta 1
IV
vasopressor
41
doxazosin and terazosin
alpha 1 antagonist
all alpha 1 receptors
HTN and BPH
ADR: do not use in pts with normal or low BP, reflex tachycardia, first dose phenomenon, congestion, vasodilation, overactive bladder, hypotension, dizziness
42
prazosin
alpha 1 antagonist
all alpha 1 receptors
PTSD, nightmares, HTN and BPH
ADR: do not use in pts with normal or low BP, reflex tachycardia, first dose phenomenon, congestion, vasodilation, overactive bladder, hypotension, dizziness
43
tamsulosin and alfuzosin
alpha 1 antagonist
selective for alpha 1A on prostate and urethra
BPH
good for pts without added HTN
ADR: reflex tachycardia, first dose phenomenon, congestion, vasodilation, overactive bladder, hypotension,
44
silodosin
alpha 1 antagonist
most selective for alpha 1A
BPH
ADR: reflex tachycardia, first dose phenomenon, congestion, vasodilation, overactive bladder, hypotension,
45
clonidine and tizanidine
alpha 2 agonist
| HTN, ADHD, withdrawal, muscle spasticity
46
guanfacine
alpha 2 agonist
| ADHD, older use for HTN
47
dexmedetomidine
alpha 2 agonist
| IV sedative
48
brimonidine and apraclonidine
alpha 2 agonist
| glaucoma
49
methyldopa
alpha 2 agonist
| HTN in pregnancy
50
yohimbine
alpha 2 antagonist
| male erectile dysfunction
51
phenoybenzamine
```
alpha antagonist
mostly alpha 1
pheochromocytoma
oral pill
ADR: nasal congestion, miosis, orthostatic hypotension
```
52
phentolamine
alpha antagonist
mostly alpha 1
IV or IM
pheochromocytoma, reverse extravasation from alpha 1 agonist
ADR: nasal congestion, miosis, orthostatic hypotension
53
dobutamine
beta 1 agonist
IV, requires dose titration
positive inotropic --> increases contractility
cardiogenic shock, septic shock, acute congestive HF
54
epinephrine
beta 1, beta 2; alpha 1 at high doses
| anaphylaxis, bronchospasm, conjunction with local anesthetics for local vasoconstriction
55
metoprolol succinate
```
selective beta 1 antagonist
non specific at high doses
once daily
mortality reduction for HFrEF, arrhythmias, HTN
ADR: decreased HR, decreased FOC and SV
```
56
metoprolol tartrate
```
selective beta 1 antagonist
non specific at high doses
3-4 times per day
mortality reduction for HFrEF, arrhythmias, HTN
ADR: decreased HR, decreased FOC and SV
```
57
atenolol
```
selective beta 1 antagonist
non specific at high doses
arrhythmias, HTN
requires renal dose adjustment (rarely used)
ADR: decreased HR, decreased FOC and SV
```
58
bisoprolol
selective beta 1 antagonist
most selective at high doses
mortality reduction for HFrEF, arrhythmias, HTN
ADR: decreased HR, decreased FOC and SV
59
nebivolol
selective beta 1 antagonist
most selective at high doses
arrhythmias, HTN
ADR: decreased HR, decreased FOC and SV
60
esmolol and betaxolol
selective beta 1 antagonist
non specific at high doses
arrhythmias, HTN
ADR: decreased HR, decreased FOC and SV
61
acebutolol
```
selective beta 1 antagonist
nonspecific at high doses
can use in pts with lower HR, ISA
arrhythmias, HTN
ADR: decreased HR, decreased FOC and SV
```
62
albuterol and levalbuterol
```
selective beta 2 agonist
short acting (SABA)
rescue inhaler
```
63
formoterol, salmeterol, olodaterol, arfmoterol, indacaterol
selective beta 2 agonist
long acting (LABA)
combined with steroid or anti-muscarinic
daily inhaler
64
terbutaline
selective beta 2 agonist
oral tablet
asthma
not preferred due to systemic effect
65
isoproterenol
nonselective beta agonist
mostly beta 1
positive inotrope
66
metaproterenol
nonselective beta agonist
mostly beta 2
asthma/COPD, bronchospasm
67
carteolol, timolol, levobunolol, metipranolol
non selective beta antagonist
do not use in asthma/COPD pts
glaucoma
ADR: bronchoconstriction, decreased portal vein BP, decreased HR
68
nadolol
non selective beta antagonist
do not use in asthma/COPD pts
portal hypertension, varices, migraines
ADR: bronchoconstriction, decreased HR
69
propranolol
non selective beta antagonist
do not use in asthma/COPD pts
stage freight, portal hypertension, varices, mirgraines
ADR: bronchoconstriction, decreased HR
70
sotalol
non selective beta antagonist
do not use in asthma/COPD pts
anti-arrhythmic
ADR: bronchoconstriction, decreased HR
71
pindolol
non selective beta antagonist
do not use in asthma/COPD pts
ISA
ADR: bronchoconstriction, decreased HR
72
labetalol
```
nonspecific antagonist
beta 1, beta 2, alpha 1
HTN in pregnancy
oral or IV
ADR: first dose phenomenon, orthostatic hypotension
```
73
carvedilol
nonspecific antagonist
beta 1, beta 2, alpha 1
HTN
ADR: first dose phenomenon, orthostatic hypotension
74
mirabegron
beta 3 agonist
B# on detrusor of bladder
overactive bladder, urinary incontinence
ARD: BP elevation, tachycardia
75
low dose dopamine
D1 receptors
cannot cross BBB
increased GFR, urine output
severe CHF with fluid overload, sepsis, shock
76
moderate dose dopamine
D1 and beta 1
cannot cross BBB
renal benefit, +inotropic and chronotropic, increased CO
CHF with fluid overload, cardiogenic or septic shock
77
high dose dopamine
beta 1, alpha 1 less D1
vasoconstriction, increased CO, loss of renal benefit
sepsis, shock
78
vasopressors (cardiac stimulators)
atropine, phenylephrine, dobutamine, isoproterenol, NE, E, dopamine
79
complications of vasopressors
hypoperfusion, dysrhythmias (mostly beta 1), peripheral iv concern (requires central line)
80
verapamil, diltiazem
non DHP CCB
non selective
reduced afterload, -inotrope, - chronotrope, -dromotrope
ischemia, arrythmias, atrial fibrillation, PSVT
ADR: constipation, hypotension, bradycardia, flushing, peripheral edema, do not use in HF
do not combine with beta blockers --> risk of CHF
81
amlodipine, nifedipine, nicardipine, felodipine, isradipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, clevidipine
DHP CCB
peripheral dilation, reduced afterload, reflex tachycardia
ADR: peripheral edema (dose adjustment), flushing, palpations, hypotension, risk of exacerbating angina, precipitating arrhythmias
82
furosemide, torsemide, bumetanide, ethacrynic acid
loop diuretic
thick ascending limb
inhibit Na/K/Cl symporter --> pushes Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca out in urine
CHF, edema, preferred for renal disease
ADR: hypoK, hypoCa, HypoMg, hyperuricemia, hypovalemia, hypotension, ototoxic (IV)
83
hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, metalozine, indapamide, chlorothiazide
thiazide diuretic
distal convoluted tubule
inhibit NaCl symporter
initial therapy for HTN, adjunct in CHF, edema, treat kidney stones
ADR: hypoK, hyperCa, hypoMg, hyperuricemia, hypovalemia, hypotension
ineffective in CrCl <30 (except metalozine)
84
spironolacetone, aplerenone
K sparing diuretic: aldosterone antagonist
collecting duct
inhibit aldosterone --> more Na excretion and K reabsorption
CHF, HTN, MI
ADR: hyperK, endocrine ADRs, hyperuricemia, arrhythmias
requires renal dosing
no sulfa
85
amiloride, triamterene
```
K sparing diuretic: Na channel blocker
HTN, CHF, edema
ADR: hyperK, hyperuricemia, arrhythmias
no sulfa
do not use with ACEIs and ARBs
```
86
muscarinic agonist effects
decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, miosis, increased gland secretions, increased GI motility, increased urination, vasodilation, increased cognition/tremors
87
muscarinic antagonist effects
increased HR, bronchodilation, mydriasis, decreased secretions, decreased Gi motility, decreased urination, vasoconstriction, CNS depression, decreased tremors
88
alpha 1 agonist effects
vasoconstriction, nasal constriction, bladder contraction, vasoconstriction of vessels in the eye, mydriasis
89
alpha 1 antagonist effects
vasodilation, nasal dilation, relaxation of bladder, vasodilation of vessels in eye, miosis
90
alpha 2 agonist effects
decreased SNS effects, decreased NE release, decreased aqueous humor production
91
alpha 2 antagonist effects
increased SNS outflow, increase NE release, increase aqeuous humor production
92
beta 1 agonist effect
+ chronotrope, + dromotrope, + inotrope, increased renin release
93
beta 1 antagonist effect
- chronotrope, - dromotrope, - inotrope, decreased renin release
94
beta 2 agonist effect
bronchodilate, uterine relaxation, vasodilation, increased tremors, increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, increased aqueous humor production
95
beta 2 antagonist effect
bronchoconstriction, uterine contraction, vasoconstriction, decreased tremors, decreased glyconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, decreased portal vein pressure, decreased aqueous humor production
96
muscarinic effect on eye
sphincter: miosis, contracts to facilitate aqueous humor drainage and reduced IOP
ciliary body/muscle: controls shape of lens, contracts to facilitate aqueous humor drainage and reduction in IOP
97
adrenergic effect on eye
```
dilator (alpha 1,2): mydriasis, aqueous humor drainage
ciliary epithelium (beta 2, alpha 2): beta 2 --> increase, alpha 2 --> decrease aqueous humor production
vessels (alpha 1): constrict to reduce red eye
```
98
muscarinic agonist drugs for eye
carbachol, pilocarpine
99
muscarinic antagonist drugs for eye
atropine, homatropine, cyclopentolate
100
alpha 2 agonist drugs for eye
apraclonidine, brimonidine
101
beta 2 antagonist drugs for eye
carteolol, timolol, levobunolol, metipranolol, betaxolol
102
alpha 1 agonists for eye
naphazoline
103
when to not use non DHP
with a BB or in HF
104
activation of angiotensin II effects
kindey: vasoconstriction, increase Na/H2O reabsorption, K excretion
adrenal gland: increase aldosterone --> increase Na/H2O, increase Ne/E release
smooth muscle: vasoconstriction, growth factors
CNS: increase CO, Thirst
105
principal uses of ACEI/ARBs
reduce TPR and BP, diminish proteinuria, renal protection, mortality benefit for HF and post MI, no reflex tachy
106
lisinopril, enalapril, enalaprilat, quinapril, captopril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril moexipril, perindopril, trandolapril
ACEI
107
quagmire
in ACEI/ARBs; inital exposure is shock to kidneys --> potential decline in CrCl initially, may cause AKI/ARF; resolves over time
108
ACEI adverse effects
dry cough (change to ARB), angioedema (cannot change to ARB), hyperkalemia, ARF, taratogenic, reduced efficacy in AAs
109
losartan, valsartan, olmesartan, irbesartan, candesartan, telmisartan, eprosartan, azilsartan
ARBs
110
Losartan
ARB, used in patients who require an ARB and have gout, would still start pt on ACEI first
111
name similarity for ACEI
-pril
112
name similarity for ARB
-sartan
113
ARB adverse effects
lower incidence than cough, angioedema possible, hyperkalemia, ARF, teratogenic, reduced efficacy in AAs
114
aliskiren
direct renin inhibitor, not favorable for use; prevents generation of angio I, comparable effect as ACEI/ARB
115
aliskiren ADRs
hypotension, hyperkalemia, ARF, teratogenic, DO NOT combine with ACEI/ARB
116
sacubitril; valsartan
entresto, only used in CHF, decreases mortality in HFrEF
117
ARNI
entresto, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (vasodilation, diuresis)
118
ARNI ADRs
hyperkalemia, cough, angioedema, ARF, hypotension
119
nitrates
impact arteries and veins, antianginal agent, prophylactic and treatment
120
nitroglycerine
nitrate; SL tab, patch, ointment, IV
IV: treats acute CHF, angina, or severe HTN
ointment: anal fissures
121
isosorbide dinitrate
nitrate; PO tab for angina; available with hydralazine --> BiDil
122
BiDil
ISDN + hydralazine
| CHF in AAs
123
isosorbide mononitrate
nitrate, PO for angina, longer half life then ISDN, can be used with non selective BB to prevent variceal bleeding in PHTN
124
function of nitrates
NO activation --> cGMP --> vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation; relaxes arteries and veins
reduces preload and afterload to treat angina
125
nitrate tolerance
reduced effects from long term use, nitrate free interval to avoid tolerance; not as potent in nitroglycerine
126
nitrate ADRs
headache, CI with high intracranial pressure, methemoglobinemia at high doses, interactions with PDE 5 inhibitors (severe hypotension)
127
methylene blue
used to treat methemoglobinemia (side effect from nitrates and nitroprusside)
128
PDE 5
in SMs, breaks down cGMP
129
PDE 5 inhibition use
benefit in ED, BPH, pulmonary HTN
130
sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, avanafil
PDE 5 inhibitors
131
sildenafil
PDE5 inhibitor, viagra, used for ED, pulmonary HTN, activates PDE6 --> blue/green halos
132
name similarity for PDE5 inhibitors
-fil
133
tadalafil
PDE5 inhibitor, BPH, vasodilator in pulmonary HTN
134
vasodilators in order of least to most potent
alpha 1 antagonists, CCBs, hydralazine, minoxidil, nitroprusside
135
hydrazaline
in BiDil with ISDN, potent vasodilator of arteries --> decrease BP potential reflex SNS activity, used for emergency HTN and HF in AAs or those who cant take ACEI/ARBs;
commonly given with diuretic and BB
136
hydrazaline ADRs
headache, flushing, dizziness, peripheral edema, tachy, hypotension
137
minoxidil
vasodilator of arteries, potential SNS activity, use in severe drug resistant hypertension; required to use with loop diuretic and BB
138
minoxidil ADRs
hypertrichosis, hypotension, tachy, peripheral edema
139
rogaine
topical minoxidil
140
nitroprusside
vasodilator of arteries and veins, most potent, IV only for HTN emergency or acute HF
141
nitroprusside ADRs
hypotension, methemoglobinemia; potential cyanide toxicity
142
positive cardiac inotropes
increase cardiac contractility
| E/NE, dobutamine, isoproterenol, dopamine (mod-high), milrinone, digoxin
143
milrinone
PDE3 inhibitor, positive inotrope, used for short term IV in acute decompensated HF
144
milrinone ADRs
ventricular arrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, headache, hypokalemia, tremor
145
digoxin
reversible inhibitor of Na/K-ATPase, positive inotrope, negative chronotrope, narrow TI, caution in renal impaired/elderly, altered efficacy in electrolyte imbalances
146
how hyperkalemia affects digoxin efficacy
decreased efficacy
147
how hypercalemia affects digoxin efficacy
increased efficacy
148
digoxin uses
CHF (no improvement in mortality), rate control in atrial fibrillation, not used much
149
digoxin ADRs
digitalis toxicity, hyperkalemia, AV block, arrhythmias, xanthopsia
150
digibind, digifab
use to treat digitalis toxicity
151
clinically important arrhythmias
AF, PVB, VT, VF, atrial flutter, AV node reentry
152
phase 0 AP
rapid depolarization
153
phase 1 AP
inactivation of Na channels
154
phase 2 AP
plateau phase, contraction of heart
155
phase 3 AP
rapid repolarization
156
phase 4 AP
resting membrane potential
157
refractory period
time from phase 0-3, heart is unresponsive to signals; longer = decreased excitability of the heart but increased risk of TdP
158
general function of anti arrhythmic drugs
alter membrane ion conduction, increase/decrease conduction velocity, change duration of eRP, suppress abnormal automaticity
159
class 1 AAD
Na channel blockers (1a-c), act in phase 0 (slow conduction)
160
class 2 AAD
BBs, alter ventricular rate by blocking SA/AV node, used s/p MI to prevent sudden death and V fib
161
class 3 AAD
K channel blockers, extend eRF by blocking repolarization, for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, increase risk of TdP
162
class 4 AAD
CCBs, non DHP only, used for rate control
163
misc. AAD
digoxin, adenosine, Mg
164
class 1A Na channel blockers
quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide;
| moderately potent, increase AP duration and eRP
165
class 1B Na channel blockers
lidocaine, mexilitene;
| weak potency, shortens eRF
166
class 1C Na channel blockers
flecainide, propafenone;
strong potency, slows conduction velocity
most commonly used in this class
167
use of class 1A Na channel blockers
atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
168
procainamide ADRs
```
class 1A Na channel blocker, AAD
hypotension, lupus like syndrome, agranulocytosis, nausea, diarrhea, precipitate new arrhythmias
```
169
quinine ADRs
```
class 1A Na channel blocker, AAD
most toxic in the class
headache, vertigo, tinnitus, GI disturbances, thrombocytopenia, anemia, hepatitis, precipitate new arrhythmias
```
170
disopyramide ADRs
```
class 1A Na channel blocker, AAD
negative inotrope --> do not use in CF, anticholinergic effects, increases digoxin toxicity, precipitate new arrhythmias
```
171
lidocaine
class 1b Na channel blockers AAD
never PO
used for acute ventricular arrhythmias
CNS toxicity (parasthsia, confusion, seizure)
172
mexiletine
```
class 1B Na channel blocker, AAD
only PO
for ventricular arrhythmias only
longer duration of action than lidocaine
CNS toxicity and GI upset
```
173
flecainide
```
class 1C Na channel blocker, AAD
causes opthalmic problems
do not use in CF
```
174
propafenone
```
class 1C Na channel blockers, AAD
mild BB
proarrhythmias, do not use in HF, metallic taste, constipation
```
175
esmolol
BB, AAD
short acting for acute arrhythmias, usually inpatient
ADRs: bronchospasm, cardiac depression, AV block, hypotension, exercise intolerance, sexual dysfunction
176
BB as AADs
propranalol, metopralol, esmolol
177
ibutilide
class 3 K channel blocker, AAD
blocks Na, K, beta
treatment of afib, can cause TdP, most effective within 7 days
178
sotalol
```
class 3 K channel blocker, AAD
blocks Beta and K
for Vfib and Afib
ADRs: bronchospasm, bradycardia, TdP
no significant DDIs
do not use if LVEF <25%
```
179
amiodarone
```
class 3 K channel blocker, AAD
class 1-4 acitivties
widely used
long half life
many DDIs (digoxin, warfarin)
ADRs: pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic dysfunction, grey blue skin, hypo/hyperthyroidism
```
180
dofetilide
```
class 3 k channel blocker, AAD
K only
for prophylaxis of Afib
can cause TdP
must be started inpatient
DDI with HCTZ and verapamil
```
181
dronedarone
```
class 3 K channel blocker, AAD
block Ca, Na, K
stong cyp3a4 interactions
ADRs: GI intolerance, do not use in HF
```
182
AADs for rate control
BBs, non DHP CCB, digoxin, amnioderone
183
AADs for rhythm control
class 1 (Na) and class 3 (K)
