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Pharmacology > Drugs Exam 1 > Flashcards

Drugs Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bethanechol

A

mAChR agonist
Tx: xerostomia
MOA: stimulates salivation from parotid, submandibular, and sublingual mucous and serous acinar cells

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2
Q

Carbacol

A

mAChR agonist

Tx: Glaucoma (eyedrops)

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3
Q

Pilocarpine

A

mAChR agonist
Tx: xerostomia
Se: drowsiness, xerosomia, urinary retention

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4
Q

Scopolamine

A

mAChR antagonist
Tx: motion sickness
Pre-anesthetic
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscles - widens airway

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5
Q

Atropine

A

mAChR antagonist
Pre-anesthetic
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscles - widens airway

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6
Q

Neostigmine (Prostigmin)

A

AChE inhibitor (reversible)
Tx: Myasthenia Gravis
MOA: acts at degradation step

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7
Q

Organophosphates

A 
AChE inhibitor (irreversible)
Tx: Pesticide and n. agents in chemical warfare
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8
Q

D-Tubocurarine

A 
Neuromuscular blocker (nAChR) antagonist
Effect ANS & SNS
Tx: General anesthesia
MOA: acts at receptor-binding step
Se: skeletal paralysis
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9
Q

Succinycholine

A

Neuromuscular blocker (nAChR); antagonist
Effect ANS & SNS
Tx: fast paralysis - trauma

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10
Q

Prazosin (Minipress)

A

Selective a1 adrenergic antagonist
Tx: HTN
MOA: Directly inactivate adrenergic receptors on BV causing vasculature dilation to lower BP
Se: nasal congestion/ortho-hypo/syncope

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11
Q

Metoprolol (Loniten)

A

Selective b1 adrenergic antagonist
Tx: HTN/angina/ arrhythmia
MOA: block beta-1 receptors on myocardial cells, slows automaticity and slows conduction velocity across myocardium. Also reduce contractility.
Se: bradycardia, hypotension

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12
Q

Nadolol (Corgard)

A

Non-selective b adrenergic antagonist
Tx: HTN/angina
Interactions: EPI

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13
Q

Propranolol (Inderal)

A

Non-selective b-adrenergic antagonist (blocker)
Tx: HTN/angina/Arrhythmia
MOA: block beta-1 receptors on myocardial cells, slows automaticity and slows conduction velocity across myocardium. Also reduce contractility.
Se: bradycardia, hypotension
Interactions: EPI

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14
Q

Guanethidine (Ismelin)

A

Indirectly acting adrenergic antagonist
Tx: archaic HTN
Se: Diarrhea/ Hypotenstion

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15
Q

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

A

Non-selective adrenergic agonist
Tx: LA/asthma/cardiac shock
(Sympathetic drug in dentistry)

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16
Q

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)

A

Selective a1 adrenergic agonist

Tx: nasal decongestant

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17
Q

Clonidine (Catapres)

A

Selective a1 & a2 adrenergic agonist
Tx: HTN/insomnia
MOA: activate adrenergic receptors in CNS, cause neg. feedback to reduce symp. activity in order to lower BP

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18
Q

Dobutamine (Dobutrex)

A

Selective b1 adrenergic agonist

Tx: congestive HF

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19
Q

Albuterol

A

Selective b2 adrenergic agonist

Tx: asthma (bronchodilator)

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20
Q

Amphetamine

A

Indirectly acting adrenergic agonist

MOA: Stimulate release of biogenic amines from n. endings

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21
Q

Cocaine

A

Indirectly acting adrenergic agonist

MOA: Selectively blocks NET (increase NE in synapse); blocks Serotonin reuptake & Dopamine

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22
Q

Mecamylamine (Inversine)

A

nAChR ganglionic blocker
Tx: HTN
MOA: Blocks most symp. activity to lower BP

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23
Q

Beta Blockers (-olol)

A

Beta adrenergic antagonist
Tx: HTN/CHF/angina/arrhythmia
MOA: decrease sympathetic activity to lower BP
Se: acute b2 antag. contraindication with asthmatics/peripheral vasc. disease/diabetics

24
Q

Hydralazine (Apresoline)

A

Tx: HTN
MOA: Ca++ required for smooth m. contraction to lower BP

25
Q

Minioxidil (Loniten)

A

Tx: HTN
MOA: Activates K channels to minimize Ca++ influx
Se: Toxicity (for severe HTN pts only)

26
Q

Na Nitroprusside (Nipride)

A

Tx: HTN emergencies
MOA: Nitric oxide (NO) decreases Ca++ and relaxation of vasc. smooth m.; Cyanide releases after decombustion

27
Q

Ca Channel Blockers (Verapamil; Diltiazem)

A

Tx: HTN/ arrhythmia/angina
MOA: Block Ca influx through Ca channels leading to vasodilation; relax vasc smooth m to lower BP
Se: bradycardia, hypotension, gingival hyperplasia

28
Q

Dihydropyridines (-pines)

A

Ca Channel Blocker
Tx: HTN
MOA: decrease intracellular Ca levels in smooth m.; only affect vasculator

29
Q

Chlorothiazide (Diuril)

A 
Thiazide diuretic (in Distal convoluted tubule)
Tx: HTN/CHF
MOA: change Na and H2O balanace to lower BP; Inhibition of the Na+/Cl- co-transport system
Se: Hypokalemia (K deficiency)
Interaction: best for maintaining K levels when combines with Triamterene
30
Q

ACE inhibitors (-pril)

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Tx: HTN/CHF
MOA: Block formation of angiotensin II to lower BP (increase angiotensin I levels)
Se: coughing; hyperkalemia; hypotention in salt-depleted pts (neg. inotropic effect on heart)
Contraindicated: 2nd/3rd prego trimesters

31
Q

Losartan (Cozaar)

A

Competitive antagonist at Angiotensin II to lower BP

Tx: HTN/ CHF

32
Q

Mannitol (Osmitrol)

A 
Osmotic diuretic (proximal tube)
MOA: hinders H2O reapsorption in proximal tubule (major site), the descending loop, and collecting tubules
33
Q

Usea (Ureaphil)

A

Osmotic diuretic (proximal tube) - hinders H2O reapsorption in proximal tubule (major site), the descending loop, and collecting tubules

34
Q

Acetazolamide (Diamox)

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (proximal tube)
MOA: Inhibit carbonic anhydrase that converts HCO3- (bicarbonate), into H2O and CO2, and back
NET effect: prevent re-absorption of H2O, Na+ and HCO3-
Tx: glaucoma

35
Q

Furosemide (Lasix)

A

Loop diuretic
Tx: CHF
MOA: Inhibition of the coupled Na+/Cl-/K+ transport system in thick ascending loop of Henle.
NET effect: increased excretion of Na+, Cl-, Ca++, Mg++
Tx: Edema w/ congestive HF/HTN

36
Q

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

A

K sparing diuretic (collecting tube)
MOA: Inhibition of Na+ and K+ channels (decreased Na+ absorption, K+ excretion) in the collecting duct.
NET effect: Increased Na+ excretion, decreased K+ excretion; Seldom used alone (low potency and risk of hyperkalemia), used in combination with K+ depleting agents; esp. in HTN therapy.

37
Q

Triameterene (Dyrenium)

A

K sparing diuretic (collecting tube)
MOA: Inhibition of Na+ and K+ channels (decreased Na+ absorption, K+ excretion) in the collecting duct.
NET effect: Increased Na+ excretion, decreased K+ excretion; Seldom used alone, valuable in combination with K+ depleting agents, esp. in HTN

38
Q

HMG CoA Inhibitors (-statins)

A

Tx: LDL-Cholesterol(1st)/Triglyceridemia/CHF/ prevent CAD (by slowing atherosclerosis)
MOA: inhibit HMG-CoA reductase in the liver
Se: myositis (skeletal m. inflammation) potentially progressing to rhabdomyolysis (Lysis of skeletal muscle cells, necrosis) and leading to renal failure
Interactions: Drugs that inhibit the metabolism of statins increase the risk of muscle toxicity from statins (antifungals/bacterials)

39
Q

Niacin

A

Tx: Cholesterole/ raising HDL and lowering VLDL (triglycerides)
Se: liver toxicity

40
Q

Bile acid-binding resins

A

Tx: cholesterol
Se: bloating/ flatulence;
Interactions: Penicillins; tetracyclines; NSAIDs; Corticosteroids; anticoagulants

41
Q

Fibric acid (Gemfibrozil; Fenofibrate)

A

Tx: Triglyceridemia

42
Q

Fish oil

A

Tx: Triglyceridemia

43
Q

Quinidine; Procainamide; Disopyramide

A

Na Channel blocker
Tx: Arrhythmia
MOA: slow conduction; prolongs action potential

44
Q

Lidocaine

A

Na Channel blocker
Tx: Arrhythmia
MOA: slow conduction; shortens AP
Se: Can cause arrhythmias itself as adverse effect of local anesthesia

45
Q

Flecainide

A

Na Channel blocker
Tx: Arrhythmia
MOA: slow conduction; no AP effect

46
Q

Atenolol

A

Selective b1 adrenergic antagonist (blocker)
Tx: Arrhythmia/angina
MOA: block beta-1 receptors on myocardial cells, slows automaticity and slows conduction velocity across myocardium. Also reduce contractility.
Se: bradycardia, hypotension
Interactions: EPI

47
Q

Amiodarone (Cordarone)

A

K channel blocker
Tx: arrhythmia
MOA: block k channels in myocardial cells - prolongs refractory period of heart
Se: bradycardia, hypotension, photosensitivity (to dental light).

48
Q

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

A

Tx: arrhythmia
MOA: blocks NaK ATPase
Se: creates new arrhythmias or worsens existing ones;
Interactions: EPI

49
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Organic nitrate (potent vasodilators)
Tx: angina
MOA: increasing nitric oxide (NO) production; –> activates guanylate cyclase to increase formation of cyclic GMP –> dephosphorylation of myosin light chain –> relaxes vascular smooth muscle

50
Q

Aspirin

A

Anti-coagulant, anti-platelet
MOA: inhibits blood clotting by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, which converts the fatty acid (arachidonic acid) to Thromboxane A2

51
Q

Warfarin

A

Anti-coagulant

MOA: decreases activity of coagulation cascade to inhibit blood clot formation

52
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Anti-coagulant

Tx: relief of pain in pt taking warfarin as an anti-coagulant

53
Q

Alfalfa & St. John’s Wort

A

Herbal

MOA: decrease serum level of warfarin or decrease anti-blood clotting effect of warfarin

54
Q

Clopidogrel

A

MOA: Inhibit platelet activation and aggregation by blocking ADPr

55
Q

Digitalis glycosides

A

Tx: CHF
MOA: positive inotropic effects

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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