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cardio > Drugs Cardio > Flashcards

Drugs Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Example of ACE inhibitors?

A

lisinopril or ramipril

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2
Q

when are ace inhibitors used?

A

hypertension and heart failure

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3
Q

side effects of ace inhibitors?

A

dry cough, postural hypotension, NEVER USE IN PREGNANCY (due to fatal renal damage), renal failure

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4
Q

Example of ARBs and when would they be used?

A

losartan, hypertension and heart failure

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5
Q

why are beta blockers used in the treatment of stable angina?

A

they decrease the myocardial requirement of O2, counter the sympathetic activity associated with pain, and increase the time in diastole (decrease heart rate) which improves the perfusion of the left ventricle

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6
Q

what are beta blockers used to treat?

A 
stable angina (as explained before)
hypertension - reduced CO and renin release from the kidney

heart failure - surpassed the sympathetic nervous system and RAAS (triturate - start low go slow)

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7
Q

what is the effect of calcium channel blockers?

A

interact with L-Type calcium channels
these mediate:

  1. upstroke of the action potential in SA/AV Nodes - can reduced rate and conduction through the AV
  2. Phase 2 in ventricular AP - reduced force of cardiac contraction
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8
Q

Give an example of a calcium channel blocker.

A

Dihydropyridines - amlodopine

rate limiting - verapamil

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9
Q

side effects of calcium channel blockers

A

caution when even with beta blockers
headaches
constipation

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10
Q

what category of drugs is benzofluazide?

A

thiazide diuretic

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11
Q

uses for thiazide diuretics?

A

hypertension

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12
Q

side effects of thiazide diuretics?

A

impotence

hypokalaemia - leading to fatigue and arrhythmias

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13
Q

what category of drugs does furosemide below to?

A

loop diuretics

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14
Q

when are loop diuretics used?

A

heart failure

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15
Q

side effects of loop diuretics?

A

hyperglycaemia in diabetics - due to the fact that it causes K to be lost

increased uric acid - leading to gout

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16
Q

give an example of a potassium sparing diuretic and what they are used to treat

A

spironolactone - oedema, heart failure, used to prevent hypokalaemia

17
Q

where do the 3 types of diuretic act upon the nephron?

A

Loop diuretics: blocks the sodium/potassium/chloride transporter in the ascending loop of Henle, potassium-wasting

Thiazide diuretics: blocks the sodium/chloride transporter in the distal tubule, potassium-wasting

Spironolactone: blocks the aldosterone receptors in the cortical collecting duct. This causes a decrease in sodium and water reabsorption and decreases potassium secreting (therefore is potassium-sparing)

18
Q

what is the proper name for a statin and give an example

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

simvastatin

19
Q

when are statins used?

A

hypercholesterolemia diabetes
angina
MI

vibrates are sometimes used in hyperlipidaemia and low HDL cholesterol

20
Q

how do statins work?

A

Statins inhibit an enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase, which controls cholesterol production in the liver.
The medicines actually act to replace the HMG-CoA that exists in the liver, thereby slowing down the cholesterol production process

21
Q

give examples of ant platelet drugs used

A

aspirin, clopidogrel

22
Q

when are anti platelets used?

A

angina, MI, CVA/TIA (stroke)

used when a patient is at risk of an MI or CVA

23
Q

the main side effect of anti-platelets?

A

haemorrhage anywhere

24
Q

examples of anti-coagulant drugs?

A

Heparin IV - fast acting
Warfarin oral - slow acting

rivaroxaban can also be given orally

(they are vitamin K antagonists)

25
Q

when are anti-coagulants used?

A

DVT, PE, NSTEMI, AF

basically anywhere that is at risk of developing a embolism

26
Q

what are the side effects of anti-coagulants?

A

haemorrhage anywhere
reversed by vitamin K
LMWH - can lead to osteoporosis

27
Q

give examples of organic nitrates and when they are used

A

isorbide nitrate
GTN

they are used in agina and acute heart failure

28
Q

possible side effects of nitrates?

A

Hypotension, headache

you can build up a tolerance to them so must have a nitrate free period

29
Q

when is digoxin used?

A

good for use in AF as it blocks AV conduction and produces a delay

also used in heart failure when the patients are remaining symptomatic even after other drugs

30
Q

how does digoxin work?

A

blocks the aloha subunit of Na/K ATPase channel - and art competes wth K

so can be dangerously unbalanced in hypokalaemia

it increases vagal activity to the heart, but also shortens the refractory period in atrial and ventricular myocytes

31
Q

give an example of fibrinolytic therapy and when it is used

A

streptokinase - STEMI, PE, CVA

32
Q

side effects of fibrinolytics

A

haemorrhage, therefore avoid in recent haemorrhage, trauma, bleedinf tendencies and peptic ulcers

cardio (6 decks)

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