Drugs and Behavior Final Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral Effects of Major Stimulants

A
Increases motor activity
Decreased fatigue
Increased Energy
Elated Mood
Increased Vigilance
Appetite Suppression
Sympathetic activation
Desire to work
Persistance
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2
Q

Neurochemical Effects of Major Stimulants

A

Promotes DA transmission by stimulating release or blocking reuptake. Dopamine Agonists

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3
Q

Doses of Major Stimulants

A

Low: decreased fatigue, increased energy
High: Produces Stereotypy in humans (hand movements and chewing) and in rodents (head movements, gnawing, licking)

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4
Q

Areas of the Brain Affected by Major Stimulants

A

Caudate Putamen and
Nucleus Accumbens
- dopmaine depletion impairs locomotion with a low dose of amphetamine.

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5
Q

Behavioral Effects of Anti-Psychotic Drugs

A

Drugs were sedatives and blunted effects of 70-75% of patients with therapeutic effects.
Suppresses locomotion rearing blocks amphetamine locomotion and stereotypy

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6
Q

Neurochemical Affects of Anti-Psychotic Drugs

A

Block dopamine receptors so there is a deletion of dopamine leading to locomotor problems and parkinsonism.

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7
Q

Examples of Anti-Psychotic Drugs

A

Reserpine (Sersapil)
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Halopeirdol (Haldol)

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8
Q

Side Effects of Anti-Psychotic Drugs

A

Parkinsonism
Tardrive Dyskinesia
Akathesia
Pystonia

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9
Q

Behavioral Affects of Atypical Anti-Psychotics (Clozapine)

A

Produces little motor side effects and is very effective in treating patients who don’t respond to other drugs
Highly effective drugs with fewer motor side effects
Can be lethal

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10
Q

Neurochemical Responses to Atypical Psychotics

A

Blocks DA receptors
Does not bind to both D1 and D2 receptors
Binds to Muscarinic antagonist receptors various sub-types of 5-HT receptors, alpha adrenergic and histamine receptors

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11
Q

Examples of Atypical Anti-Psychotics

A
Clozapine
Quatiapine
Olanzapine
Risperidone
Ziprazidone
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12
Q

Behavioral Effects of Anti-Depressants (Tricyclics)

A

Act to elevate levels of one or more monoamine by blocking their inactivation.

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13
Q

Neurochemical Effects of Anti-Depressants

A

Blocks all monoamine reuptake so theres more monoamines in the brain

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14
Q

Side Effects of Anti-Depressants

A

no consistent pattern of acute effects across the different drugs.

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15
Q

Examples of Anti-Depressants

A

Tofranil
Elavil- NE, 5-HT
Norpramine- NE
Surmontil

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16
Q

Neurochemical Effects of SSRIs

A

serotonin reuptake inhibitor, increases serotonin

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17
Q

Side Effects of SSRIs

A

typically need chronic administration of antidepressants to produce changes

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18
Q

Examples of SSRIs

A

Prozac
Zoloft
Paxil

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19
Q

Behavioral Effects of Anxiolytic Drugs

A

benzodiazepines and barbituatues are sedatives, anti-convulsants, and anti-anxiety

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20
Q

Neurochemcial effects of Anxiolytic Drugs

A

Amygdala

  • area involved in emotion and stress
  • lesions lead to reduced emotionality
  • hyperactivity leads to aggressiveness
  • hippocampus is also involved
  • benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators
  • binds to GABA-A receptors
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21
Q

Doses of Anxiolytic Drugs

A
Barbituates
-produces effects with any dose but becomes more toxic
Benzodiazepine
-low doses- anti-anxiety
-High doses- sedatives
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22
Q

Example of Anxiolytic Drugs

A
Benzodiazepines:
-Valium
-Librium
-Ativan
-Xanax
Barbituates
-phentobarbital
-phenobarbital
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23
Q

Behavioral Effects of Opiates Withdrawal

A
Increased Tolerance
Dysphoria
Anxiety
Hyperalgesia
Peripheral Stress
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24
Q

Treatment of Opiate Addiction

A

Cold Turkey
Substitution
Drugs that reduce stress
behavioral therapies

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25
Q

Examples of Opiates

A

Sublimaxe
Perscoset
Percodan
Heroin

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26
Q

Effects of Opiate Peptides

A
Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
Cough Suppressant
Decreased intestinal motility
Nausea
Somnolence ( strong desire to sleep)
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27
Q

Examples of Opiate Peptides

A

Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins

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28
Q

Opiate Agonists

A

Naloxone

Naltrexone

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29
Q

Behavioral Effects of Widely Abused Stimulants

A
Decreased fatigue
Desire to work
Increase in motor activity
Motor Speed
Anxiety or euphoria
High Doses: lead to crashes that result in depression and psychomotor slowing
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30
Q

Neurochemical effects of Widely Abused Stimulants

A

Act on Calcium transmission

Dopamine plays a role in the toxicity of meth

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31
Q

Examples of Widely Abused Stimulants

A
Meth
Cocaine
Cathione
Methcathione
Ritalin (Methylphenidate)
32
Q

Behavioral Effects of Dissociative Anesthetics

A

Disconnected from the environment, euphroia, numbness, alteration of sense of time, some alterations of visual processing.
Can cause psychosis similair to psychosis

33
Q

Neurochemical Effects of Dissociative Anesthetics

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

Interacts with a number of other neurotransmitters including Dopamine, serotonin and adenosine

34
Q

Examples of Dissociative Anesthetics

A

Ketamine (NMDA recpetor antagonist)

PCP

35
Q

Neurochemical Effects of Hallucinogens

A

Most have actions on Serotonin (5-HT) as full or partial agonists on 5-HT2A
LSD: most potent on 5-HT21 receptors

36
Q

Catechol Hallucinogens

A

Naturally Occuring
Mescaline (in cactus)
Myristicin (nutmeg)
Elemicin (Mace)

37
Q

Neurochemical Effects of Amphetamine Derivative

A

MDMA (Ecstacy)

  • tends to show rapid tolerance to positive effects
  • chronic use causes cognitive impairments and depression
38
Q

Behavioral Effects of Amphetamine Derivative

A

MDMA- mixture of stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

Main effect- positive mood, feeling of intimacy, increased extroversion, mild hallucinations and perceptual alterations

39
Q

Behavioral Effects of Indole and Catechole Hallucinogens

A

Visiual distortion
Altered colors
Apparent movements
Geometric Hallucinogens

40
Q

Examples of Indole (Natural) Hallucinogens

A

Psilocybin (mushroom)
DMT (from toad)
Ergot Alkaloid (fungi that grows on grains)

41
Q

Synthetic Idole Hallucinogens

A

Lysergic Acid diethylamide (LSD) “acid”

5-methoxyl DPT (Foxy)

42
Q

Behavioral Effects of Anticholinergic Hallucinogens: Scopolamine and Atropine

A

Vivid objects and sounds can be frigtening and last for days

43
Q

Neurochemical Effects of Anticholinergic Hallucinogens: Scopolamine and Atropine

A

Blocks muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors

44
Q

Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Dopamine depletion in neostriatum. 90% death

45
Q

Symptoms of Parkinsons

A

Akinesia (lack of desired movement)
Bradykinesia (slow movement)
Paradoxical kinesia (capable of movement in severe stimuli)

46
Q

Types of Parkinson’s Disease

A
Idiopathic- most common, unknown origin
Familial -hereditary, rare
Neurotoxin induced
Post-encephalitic
Pugilistic- brain damage
Drug induced- DA antagonists
47
Q

Treatments for Parkinsons

A

Dopaminergic- L-Dopa, Dopamine agonists: apomorphine, bromocriptine, ropintole
Nondopaminergic- muscrinic ACh antagonists: atropine
Experiemental- D1 agonists, surgery to restore chemical balance in basal ganglia

48
Q

Pathology of Schizophrenia

A

Hypofrontality
Reduction in frontal cortex,amygdala and hippocampus(with disorganization)
Maybe too much DA

49
Q

Hypofrontality

A

impairment on neuropsychological tasks related to frontal lobe function, decrease in frontal metabolic activity.

50
Q

Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Positive: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disrganized behaviors
Negative: catatonia, lack of speech, flact affect, avolition (lack of movement), cognitive dysfunction

51
Q

Types of Schizophrenia

A
Paranoid
Disorganized
Undifferentiated
Catanoid (immobility)
Residual
52
Q

Treatments of Schizophrenia

A

Neuroleptics, major tranquiliazers and anti-psychotics.

53
Q

Percentage of Schizophrenia Cases

A

1% of population, usually started at 18-35 years of age, minor genetic predisposition.

54
Q

Pathology of Depression

A

PETand cerebral blood flow studies show decreases in prefrontal cortex activity, increased total volume in hippocampus

55
Q

Symptoms of Depression

A

Sadness, hopelessness, anhedonia (Lack of pleasure),loss of appetite, feelings of worthlessness or guiltm difficulty making decisions, suicidal

56
Q

Treatments to Depression

A
SSRIs
resperpine
tetrabenazine
MAO inhibitors
Anxiotyics
57
Q

Percentage of Depression Cases

A

Extremely common, 8-15%

Genetic predispostion and gene/environment interaction

58
Q

Pathology of Bipolar Disorder

A

Fluctuations between depression and mania

59
Q

Symptoms of Mania (Bipolar Disorder)

A
Optimism
Irritability
Elation
Heightened energy
Loud rapid speech
Extravagant plants
60
Q

Types of Bipolar Disorder

A

Unipolar mania- mania without depression

Hypomania- a milder to moderate level of mania

61
Q

Treatments of Bipolar Disorder

A

DA antagonists
Lithium- antipsychotic
Anticonvulsants

62
Q

Pathology of Generalaized Anxiety Disorder

A

chronic anxiety, excessive worrying, irritbility, feelings of dread, inability to relax, restlessness, difficulty sleeping, autonomic signs like increased heart rate and sweating

63
Q

Percentage of Anxiety Cases

A

15-25% of the population (overlap with depression)

64
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Repeated and unexpected panic attacks

Transient episodes of intence pain or fear, Sence of loss of control, Heart papitations, hyperventilation

65
Q

Phobias

A

Unrealistic or exaggerated fear of something that presents little to no harm, person goes to great lengths to avoid the phobic stimulus

66
Q

Obsessive Complusive Disorders (OCD)

A

unwanted thoughts or behaviors that are difficult to control

67
Q

PTSD

A

anxiety disorder occurring in the after math of a traumatic or life-threatening event

68
Q

Symptoms of PTSD

A

Flashbacks
Nightmares
Fear responses tp stimuli associated with trauma

69
Q

Alternative Neurobiological Theory

A

It is too simplistic to maintain that all reinforcers including all drugs of abuse are acting by turning on DA systems. Food reinforcement and drug reinforcement are different.

70
Q

Stereotypy

A

humans, hand movements or chewing, (rodents: head movements, gnawing, licking)

71
Q

Reserpine

A

(Sersapil)—blocks mononoamine storage, depletes DA, NE, EPI, 5-HT

72
Q

Parkinsonism

A

slowed movement, tremor, most common; typically treated with muscarinic antagonists

73
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

involuntary movements, mostly facial and lingual (5-17% of patients)

74
Q

Akathesia

A

motor restlessness (relatively uncommon)

75
Q

Dystonia

A

abnormal limb and body movements (relatively uncommon)

76
Q

Allosteric Modulators

A

bind to GABAa receptors which when binded to open Cl- channel complex (benzodiazepines enhance affinity for GABAa receptors)

77
Q

Hypofrontality

A

impairment on neuropsychological tasks related to frontal lobe function, decrease in frontal metabolic (blood flow activity), lack of task-stimulated frontal lobe metabolic or blood flow activity