Drugs and Behavior Final Flashcards
Behavioral Effects of Major Stimulants
Increases motor activity Decreased fatigue Increased Energy Elated Mood Increased Vigilance Appetite Suppression Sympathetic activation Desire to work Persistance
Neurochemical Effects of Major Stimulants
Promotes DA transmission by stimulating release or blocking reuptake. Dopamine Agonists
Doses of Major Stimulants
Low: decreased fatigue, increased energy
High: Produces Stereotypy in humans (hand movements and chewing) and in rodents (head movements, gnawing, licking)
Areas of the Brain Affected by Major Stimulants
Caudate Putamen and
Nucleus Accumbens
- dopmaine depletion impairs locomotion with a low dose of amphetamine.
Behavioral Effects of Anti-Psychotic Drugs
Drugs were sedatives and blunted effects of 70-75% of patients with therapeutic effects.
Suppresses locomotion rearing blocks amphetamine locomotion and stereotypy
Neurochemical Affects of Anti-Psychotic Drugs
Block dopamine receptors so there is a deletion of dopamine leading to locomotor problems and parkinsonism.
Examples of Anti-Psychotic Drugs
Reserpine (Sersapil)
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Halopeirdol (Haldol)
Side Effects of Anti-Psychotic Drugs
Parkinsonism
Tardrive Dyskinesia
Akathesia
Pystonia
Behavioral Affects of Atypical Anti-Psychotics (Clozapine)
Produces little motor side effects and is very effective in treating patients who don’t respond to other drugs
Highly effective drugs with fewer motor side effects
Can be lethal
Neurochemical Responses to Atypical Psychotics
Blocks DA receptors
Does not bind to both D1 and D2 receptors
Binds to Muscarinic antagonist receptors various sub-types of 5-HT receptors, alpha adrenergic and histamine receptors
Examples of Atypical Anti-Psychotics
Clozapine Quatiapine Olanzapine Risperidone Ziprazidone
Behavioral Effects of Anti-Depressants (Tricyclics)
Act to elevate levels of one or more monoamine by blocking their inactivation.
Neurochemical Effects of Anti-Depressants
Blocks all monoamine reuptake so theres more monoamines in the brain
Side Effects of Anti-Depressants
no consistent pattern of acute effects across the different drugs.
Examples of Anti-Depressants
Tofranil
Elavil- NE, 5-HT
Norpramine- NE
Surmontil
Neurochemical Effects of SSRIs
serotonin reuptake inhibitor, increases serotonin
Side Effects of SSRIs
typically need chronic administration of antidepressants to produce changes
Examples of SSRIs
Prozac
Zoloft
Paxil
Behavioral Effects of Anxiolytic Drugs
benzodiazepines and barbituatues are sedatives, anti-convulsants, and anti-anxiety
Neurochemcial effects of Anxiolytic Drugs
Amygdala
- area involved in emotion and stress
- lesions lead to reduced emotionality
- hyperactivity leads to aggressiveness
- hippocampus is also involved
- benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators
- binds to GABA-A receptors
Doses of Anxiolytic Drugs
Barbituates -produces effects with any dose but becomes more toxic Benzodiazepine -low doses- anti-anxiety -High doses- sedatives
Example of Anxiolytic Drugs
Benzodiazepines: -Valium -Librium -Ativan -Xanax Barbituates -phentobarbital -phenobarbital
Behavioral Effects of Opiates Withdrawal
Increased Tolerance Dysphoria Anxiety Hyperalgesia Peripheral Stress
Treatment of Opiate Addiction
Cold Turkey
Substitution
Drugs that reduce stress
behavioral therapies
Examples of Opiates
Sublimaxe
Perscoset
Percodan
Heroin
Effects of Opiate Peptides
Analgesia (inability to feel pain) Cough Suppressant Decreased intestinal motility Nausea Somnolence ( strong desire to sleep)
Examples of Opiate Peptides
Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins
Opiate Agonists
Naloxone
Naltrexone
Behavioral Effects of Widely Abused Stimulants
Decreased fatigue Desire to work Increase in motor activity Motor Speed Anxiety or euphoria High Doses: lead to crashes that result in depression and psychomotor slowing
Neurochemical effects of Widely Abused Stimulants
Act on Calcium transmission
Dopamine plays a role in the toxicity of meth