Drugs affecting coagulation Flashcards

1
Q

What component of the clotting pathway is heparin dependent on?

A

Antithrombin III, acts as a catalyst for it to inhibit clotting Xa and thrombin. Needs A III to work, negative heparin binds to positive AIII and then to a PLASMA SERINE PROTEASE

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2
Q

Which is the one drug in the HMW heparin class? What is it indicated for?

A

Heparin sodium (Liquaemin) used for anticoag in surgery and IV catheters, as prophylaxis for DVT and PE

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3
Q

What is the antidote for heparin?

A

Protamine sulfate (+ charge binds to -heparin instead of AIII)

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4
Q

What is a side effect that all anticoagulants share?

A

possibility for hemorrhage

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5
Q

What are the LMW heparins? What are some benefits to using LMW heparins as opposed to HMW?

A

Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Fondaparinux (Arixtra-synthetic)
Can be injected SQ so it can be used in PGN to replace warfarin, lower incidence of HIT

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6
Q

Is protamine sulfate used to reverse LMW Heparins?

A

Not completely enoxaparin, has no effect on fondaparinux

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7
Q

How does Lepirudin work? Where is it cleared? What should you use instead if this organ is not functioning well?

A

It is a direct thrombin inhibitor, does not need AIII to work (heparin is considered indirect), cleared by kidney (use argatroban instead)

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8
Q

Your patient is experiencing clotting following heparin therapy. What should you give first if this person has okay kidney function?

A

lepirudin (refludan)

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9
Q

Your patient is experiencing HIT. What should you give if this person has okay liver function and poor kidney function?

A

argatroban (novastan)

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10
Q

What sets dabigatran apart from lepirudin and argatroban? What does that imply?

A

It is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, which means it is not evaluated by PTT

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11
Q

Why is the black box warning of oral anticoagulants so problematic?

A

because practitioners are used to continuing effect of warfarin and not the immediate cessation of anticoagulation with removal of a drug as exists with dabigatran

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12
Q

What are the two oral direct factor Xa inhibitors?

A

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and Apixaban (Equilis)

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13
Q

What are the indications for using rivaroxaban?

A

Treatment and prevention of DVT and PE, prophylaxis of future clots

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14
Q

So if Vitamin K reduction is inhibited by warfarin, what is the antidote for it? What does this tell you of its efficacy?

A

Vitamin K; efficacy takes time and must be started with heparin because Protein C is also inhibited and it is the first to run out due to its short half life

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15
Q

Which anticoagulant(s) are contraindicated in PGN?

A

warfarin

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16
Q

How is warfarin monitored?

A

INR

17
Q

What are the indications for warfarin? How is it administered?

A

prophylaxis for DVT and VTE (orally)

18
Q

What are the antidotes for warfarin, both immediate and long term?

A

Immediate: FFP

long term: Vitamin K

19
Q

Which AC can cause cutaneous necrosis and infarction due to inhibition of protein C formation?

A

Warfarin

20
Q

What are thrombolytic agents (clot selective as opposed to systemic)? How are they given?

A

Clot selective: t-PA or Alteplase
systemic: streptokinase and urokinase
Tenecteplase, Reteplase
both are given IV or intra-arterial

21
Q

What is the antidote for t-PA?

A

Aminocaproic acid, whole blood if necessary

22
Q

What are the indications for t-PA use?

A

Lysis of clots to re-establish tissue perfusion post MI, severe PE, DVT, and arterial thombosis

23
Q

What is becoming the fibrinolytic agent of choice because it is more fibrin specific and resistant to PAI-1 than standard tPA?

A

Tenecteplase

24
Q

What are the two antifibrinolytics that we talked about and in whom are they CONTRAINDICATED?

A

Aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid

Contraindicated in pts with DIC and GU bleeds

25
Q

What are the three drugs that inhibit thrombogenesis (antiplatelet)? Which interaction should you watch with the one that starts with a C? :)

A

Aspirin (decreases COX and TXA2), CLOPidigrel and TiCLOPidine (blocks ADP receptor to inhibit aggregation); WATCH OMEPRAZOLE AND CLOPIDIGREL (liver function)

26
Q

Which drug acts by irreversibly inhibiting the COX enzyme, thereby decreasing amount of TXA2?

A

Aspirin

27
Q

Which drug acts by irreversibly binding to ADP receptor on platelet to inhibit aggregation?
What is its special indication?

A

Clopidigrel; FOR USE IN STENT PLACEMENT SURGERY to prevent thrombosis

28
Q

You have a patient on omeprazole for heartburn. What drug should you monitor the effects of due to possibility of decreasing effectiveness?

A

Clopidigrel is metabolized by CYP2C19, which is inhibited by omeprazole

29
Q

Which drugs are considered inhibitors of GPIIB/IIIA? How are they different? How are they all administered?

A

AbcixiMAB, eptiFIBatide, tiroFIBan
Abciximab is an antibody and the other two are analogs of the carboxy end of fibrinogen
IV

30
Q

What drugs will counteract the affects of warfarin?

A
  • Vitamin K – ANTIBIOTICS decrease absorption of vitamin K, increase effectiveness
  • Clotting factors – estrogen/pregnancy, decrease effectiveness
  • Platelet aggregation/function – ASPIRIN, increases effectiveness
  • Displace from binding sites on plasma albumin
  • Inhibit microsomal liver enzymes
  • Induce liver microsomal enzymes