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PHARMACOLOGY > DRUGS ACTING ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DRUGS ACTING ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

body defenses includes what?

A
  1. Barrier Defenses
  2. Cellular Defenses
  3. Inflammatory Defenses
  4. Immune Response
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2
Q

Each of these defenses plays a major role in maintaining
homeostasis and preventing disease.

A

body defenses

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3
Q

Certain anatomical barriers exist to prevent the entry of foreign pathogens
and to serve as important lines of defense in protecting the body. These
barriers include the skin and mucous membranes, gastric acid, and the
major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

A

barrier defenses

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4
Q

first line of defense, acts as a physical barrier to protect the internal tissues and
organs of the body, Glands in it secrete chemicals that destroy or repel many
pathogens, Sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria, The top layer falls off daily, which makes it difficult for any pathogen to colonize on the skin, In addition, the normal bacterial flora help to destroy many
disease-causing pathogens.

A

Skin

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5
Q

line the areas of the body that are exposed to
external influences but do not have the benefit of skin protection, It also secretes a sticky mucus capable of trapping invaders and
inactivating them for later destruction and removal by the body.

A

mucous membranes

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6
Q

In the
conducting airways of the respiratory tract, the mucous membrane is
lined with tiny, hair-like processes called what? it sweep any captured pathogens or foreign materials upward toward the mouth,
where they will be swallowed. it also can move the captured material to an area
causing irritation, which leads to removal by coughing or sneezing.

A

cilia

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7
Q

mucous membranes includes what and what are they exposed to?

A
  1. respiratory tract, which is exposed to air;
  2. the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is exposed to anything ingested by
    mouth;
  3. genitourinary (GU) tract, which is exposed to many
    pathogens from the perineal and rectal area.
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8
Q

barrier defenses includes what?

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. gastric acid
  4. major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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9
Q

The stomach secretes it in response to many stimuli. The acidity of the
stomach not only aids digestion but also destroys many would-be
pathogens that are either ingested or swallowed after removal from the
respiratory tract. Normal flora that live in this acidic environment also help
to destroy many of these ingested pathogens.

A

gastric acid

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10
Q

ability to distinguish between
selfcells and foreign cells. All of the cells and tissues of each person are
marked for identification as part of that individual’s genetic code. No two
people have exactly the same code. In humans, the genetic identification
code is carried on a chromosome and is called what?

A

major histocompatibility complex

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11
Q

MHC produces several proteins called

A

histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs).

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12
Q

. These
antigens (proteins) are located on the cell membrane and allow the body
to recognize cells as being self-cells. Cells that do not have these
proteins are identified as foreign and are targeted for destruction by the
body.

A

histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs).

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13
Q

Any foreign pathogen that manages to get past the barrier defenses will
encounter the human inflammatory and immune systems, or the

A

mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS).

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14
Q

the MPS is previously called what?

A

Previously called the reticuloendothelial system

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15
Q

MPS is composed
primarily of

A

leukocytes,
lymphocytes,
lymphoid tissues,
and numerous chemical mediators.

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16
Q

White blood cells

A

leukocyte

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17
Q

leukocyte types

A
  • Lymphocyte
  • Myelocyte
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18
Q

Key component of the immune system and consists of T cells, be cells and natural killer
cells

A

lymphocyte

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19
Q

Different cell types those are important in both the basic inflammatory response and the immune
response.

A

myelocyte

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20
Q

Myelocytes include:

A

neutrophils,
basophils,
eosinophils,
and monocytes or macrophages

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21
Q

are polymorphonuclear leukocytes that are capable of moving outside of the
bloodstream (diapedesis) and engulfing and digesting foreign material (phagocytosis).
* When the body is injured or invaded by a pathogen, neutrophils are rapidly produced
and moved to the site of the insult to attack the foreign material
* Able to identify nonself-cells by use of MHC

A

neutrophils

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22
Q

moving outside of the
bloodstream

A

diapedesis

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23
Q

digesting foreign material

A

phagocytosis

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24
Q

are myelocytic leukocytes that are not capable of phagocytosis.
* They contain chemical substances or mediators that are important for initiating and
maintaining an immune or inflammatory response. These substances include histamine,
heparin, and other chemicals used in the inflammatory response.

A

basophils

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25
Q

circulating myelocytic leukocytes.
* They are often found at the site of allergic reactions and may be responsible for
removing the proteins and active components of the immune reaction from the
site of an allergic response.

A

eosinophils

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26
Q

are mature leukocytes that are capable of phagocytizing an antigen.
* Macrophages help to remove foreign material from the body, including
pathogens, debris from dead cells, and necrotic tissue from injury sites, so that
the body can heal. They also can process antigens and present them to active
lymphocytes for destruction.

A

monocytes or macrophages

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27
Q

Fixed basophils that do not circulate
* Can be found in respiratory and GI tracts and in the
skin

A

mast cell

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28
Q
  • Lymphoid tissues that play an important part in the cellular
    defense system include the:
A

lymph nodes,
spleen,
thymus gland
bone marrow,
lymphoid tissue

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29
Q

(a bipolar gland located in the middle of the chest, which
becomes smaller with age)

A

thymus gland

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30
Q

important for creation of the cellular
components of the MPS

A

bone marrow and thymus gland

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31
Q

MPS is described as a group of cells in the immune system that plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and fighting infection, inflammation, and cancer

A

mononuclear phagocyte system

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32
Q

cellular defenses includes what?

A

human inflammatory and immune systems
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS):
-leukocytes,
-lymphocytes,
-lymphoid tissues, and
-numerous chemical mediators

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32
Q

the local reaction of the body to
invasion or injury
* Any insult to he body that injures cells or tissues

A

inflammatory response

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33
Q

Cell injuries causes the activation of a chemical in the plasma
called

A

Factor XII or Hageman Fcator

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34
Q
  • Hageman factor is responsible for activation of the
A

kinin system

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35
Q

Hageman factor activates a substance found in local tissues

A

kallikrein

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36
Q

causes the precursor substance kininogen to be converted to
bradykinin

A

kallikrein

37
Q

causes vasodilation to bring more blood to the injures area
* Allow white blood cells to escape into the tissues, increase permeability

A

bradykinin

38
Q

Bradykinin also causes the release of what from
the cell membrane

A

arachidonic acid

39
Q

Arachidonic acid causes the release of

A

autochoids

40
Q

act like local hormones release from cell and
cause an effect on the immediate area

A

autochoids

41
Q

augments the inflammatory reaction and
stimulates nerve endings which causes pain

A

prostaglandins

42
Q

it causes vasodilation and increased capillary
permeability and has the property called what

A

Leukotrienes has the property called chemotaxis

42
Q

which is
the ability to attract neutrophils and to stimulate them and
other macrophages in the area to be very aggressive

A

chemotaxis

42
Q

causes local vasoconstriction and facilitates
aggregation and blood coagulation

A

Thromboxanes

43
Q

increases the permeability of the capillary,
making it easier for neutrophils and blood chemicals to leave
the blood stream and enter the injure area

A

histamine

44
Q

clinical presentations of inflammatory response

A

Calor (heat)
* Tumor (swelling)
* Rubor (redness)
* Dolor (pain)

44
Q

Occurs because of the increased blood flow to the area

A

calor

45
Q

Occurs because of the fluid that leaks into the tissues as a result of the change in
capillary permeability

A

tumor

45
Q

an antigen is one that can be readily destroyed by an immune
response and immunity results

A

immunogen

45
Q
  • Related to the increase blood flow caused by the vasolidtion
A

rubor

46
Q

Comes from the activation of pain fibers by histamine and the kinin system

A

dolor

46
Q

The body’s action plan devised to combat invading
organisms or substances by leukocyte and antibody activity

A

immune response

46
Q

is any foreign substance capable of stimulating an immune response

A

antigen

46
Q

the ability to destroy like antigen

A

immunity

46
Q

mediating substances that are released that cause tissue injury and
allergic symptoms
* They may be ingested (foods such as eggs or wheat), inhaled (pollen,
dust, or mold spores), injected (drugs), or absorbed across the skin or
mucous membranes (poison ivy)

A

allergen

47
Q

immune responses include?

A

antigen
immunity
immunogen
allergen

48
Q
  • Originating in the bone marrow
  • Develop into plasma cells and memory cells when exposed to
    antigens
A

b-lymphocytes

49
Q

Secrete large quantities of immunoglobulins or
antibodies, which bind to and destroy specific antigens
(humoral immunity)

A

plasma cells

50
Q
  • Responsible for retaining the formula or ability to
    produce specific immunoglobulins
  • Immunoglobulins are classified as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD,
    and IgE
A

memory cells

51
Q
  • Account for 70% to 80% of blood lymphocytes and are responsible for
    cell-mediated immunity
  • Produced by the bone marrow but mature under the influence of the
    thymus gland
  • They react specifically to viruses, fungi, and parasites but have an
    effect on all antigens
A

t-lymphocytes

52
Q

T-lymphocytes types

A

cytotoxic (killer) t cells
helper t cells (CD4 cells)
suppressor t cells

53
Q

are T lymphocytes that have the specific
feature of binding to the surface of antigens and directly destroying
the cell membrane and therefore the cell (phagocytes)

A

cytotoxic (killer) t cells

54
Q

stimulate B lymphocytes to divide and
mature into plasma cells and begin secreting immunoglobulins

A

helper t cells (CD4 cells)

55
Q

are T cells that reduce the production of
immunoglobulins against a specific antigen and prevent their
overproduction

A

suppressor T cells

56
Q

immune system organs and cells include

A

B-Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Memory cells
T lymphocytes

57
Q

types of immunity

A

humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity

58
Q

refers to immunity created by antibody production or B-lymphocyte
involvement
* begins when helper T cells recognize an antigen and cause activation
of B lymphocytes
* The specific B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells and begin
creation of specific immunoglobulins that mark the antigen for
destruction

A

humoral immunity

59
Q
  • is the type of immune response caused by T-lymphocyte activity.
  • Cytotoxic T cells attack and directly destroy invading antigens
    through the release of chemical compounds on the antigen
    membrane, injection of a toxin directly into the antigen, or secretion
    of lymphokines
A

cell mediated immunity

60
Q

other mediators include:

A
  • Interferons
    Interleukins
  • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
61
Q

Are chemicals that are secreted by cells that have been invaded by viruses and
possibly by other stimuli
* Prevents viral replication and also suppress malignant cell replication and tumor
growth

A

interferons

62
Q

Chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence other leukocytes
* Interleukin 1 (IL-1) stimulates T and B cells to initiate an immune response.
* IL-2 is released from active T cells to stimulate the production of more T cells and
to increase the activity of B cells, cytotoxic cells, and natural killer cells.
* Interleukins also cause fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and slow-wave sleep
induction—all things that help the body to conserve energy for use in fighting off
the invader.

A

interleukins

63
Q

a cytokine, is a chemical released by macrophages,
which inhibits tumor growth and can actually cause
tumor regression.

A

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

64
Q

generally block or alter the chemical reactions
associated with the inflammatory response to stop one or more of the signs
and symptoms of inflammation.

A

anti-inflammatory agents

65
Q

are among the most commonly used pain medications.
* They’re used to control pain and reduce fever and inflammation.Block inflammatory
response, antipyretic (fever-blocking, and analgesic (pain-blocking properties
* They were extracted from willow bark, poplar trees, and other plants by ancient
people to treat fever, pain, and what we now call inflammation.
* They are generally available without prescription and are relatively non toxic when
used as directed

A

salicylates

66
Q

most commonly used salicylates

A

aspirin

67
Q

provide strong antiinflammatory and analgesic effects without the adverse
effects associated with the corticosteroids

A

NON STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY
AND RELATED AGENTS

68
Q

This group of drugs includes propionic acids, acetic acids, fenamates,
oxicam derivatives, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors.

A

NON STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY
AND RELATED AGENTS

69
Q

it includes * Balsalazide, choline magnesium trisalicylate, diflunisal, mesalamine, olsalazine,
salsalate, sodium thiosalicylate

A

salicylates

70
Q

is used to treat moderate to mild pain
and fever and often is used in place of the NSAIDs or salicylates.
* It has been the most frequently used drug for managing pain and fever in
children.
* It is widely available OTC and is found in many combination products.
* It can be extremely toxic. It causes severe liver toxicity that can lead to
death when taken in high doses.

A

acetaminophen

71
Q

it includes tylenol and ofirmev

A

acetaminophen

72
Q

a potentially debilitating inflammatory process in
the joints that causes pain and bone deformities.

A

arthritis

73
Q

include one gold compound, which is
used to prevent and suppress arthritis in selected patients
with rheumatoid arthritis, the others are specifically used to block
the inflammation and tissue damage of rheumatoid
arthritis

A

antiarthritis drugs

74
Q

treatment with gold salts which gold is taken up by macrophages, which then inhibit
phagocytosis;

A

chrysotherapy

75
Q

it is reserved for use in patients who are unresponsive to
conventional therapy and can be very toxic, it are indicated to treat selected cases of
rheumatoid and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in patients
whose disease has been unresponsive to standard therapy
* This drug does not repair damage; it may prevent further
damage and so is most effective if used early in the disease.

A

gold compound

76
Q

The gold salt available for use is

A

auranofin (Ridaura).

77
Q

are often the first class used with progressing arthritis, act to decrease the local effects of TNF, a locally released
cytokine that can cause the death of tumor cells and stimulate a wide
range of proinflammatory activities. The actions of this cytokine when
inflammation occurs within a joint capsule can lead to the destruction of
bone and the malformation of joints that is associated with arthritis. Drugs
that block that action of TNF slow the inflammatory response and the joint
damage associated with it.

A

TNF blockers

78
Q

These drugs include adalimumab (Humira), certolizumab (Cimzia),
etanercept (Enbrel), golimumab (Simponi), and infliximab (Remicade).

A

TNF blockers

79
Q
A
80
Q
A

PHARMACOLOGY (3 decks)

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