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Yr 2 - Mental Health > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

How does a synapse work?

A
  1. Chemical-electric signal of activated neuron reaches the end of axon
  2. Electric signal ends
  3. Neurotransmitters are released from axon into synapse
  4. Neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on dendrites
  5. Neurotransmitter either excites or inhibits the neuron
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2
Q

What does neurotransmitter bind to on the postsynaptic neuron?

A

Dendrites

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3
Q

What are the 2 effects that neurotransmitters can have on the receptor neuron?

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

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4
Q

What is dopamine?

A

A neurotransmitter –> NOT a hormone

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5
Q

What is dopamine involved in?

A

Involved in regulation of movement, reward and punishment, pleasure, energy

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6
Q

Which (illegal) drugs affect dopamine?

A

Every drug that affects feelings of pleasure, including Cocaine, Amphetamine, opiates, marijuana, heroin and PCP

These drugs temporarily increase levels of dopamine

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7
Q

Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Has effects that are both excitatory and inhibitory.

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8
Q

Is adrenaline excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

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9
Q

Where is adrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal medulla

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10
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine

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11
Q

Where are the catecholamines released from?

A

The adrenal medulla

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12
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A

Involved in arousal and alertness:

  • increase the heart rate
  • increase blood pressure
  • expanding the air passages of the lungs
  • enlarging the pupil in the eye
  • redistributing blood to the muscles
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13
Q

Is noradrenaline excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

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14
Q

What is noradrenaline involved in?

A

Involved in arousal and alertness, energy and feelings of pleasure

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15
Q

What drugs affect noradrenaline?

A

Stimulants

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16
Q

Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory?

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter

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17
Q

What is serotonin involved in?

A

involved in emotion and mood, balancing excessive excitatory neurotransmitter effects in your brain

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18
Q

What drugs affect serotonin levels?

A

Alcohol, Hallucinogens, Stimulants, Anti-depressants

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19
Q

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

ACh has excitatory actions at the neuromuscular junction, at autonomic ganglion, at certain glandular tissues and in the CNS. It has inhibitory actions at certain smooth muscles and at cardiac muscle.

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20
Q

What is ACh involved in?

A

Acetylcholine is the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, the part of the ANS that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate.

Involved in movement, memory function, motivation and sleep

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21
Q

Is ACh adrenergic or cholinergic?

A

Cholinergic

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22
Q

What drugs affect ACh?

A

PCP and hallucinogens, Marijuana, Stimulants

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23
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

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24
Q

What is GABA involved in?

A

arousal, judgment and impulsiveness

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25
Q

What drugs affect GABA?

A

Opiates, Alcohol, Marijuana

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26
Q

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

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27
Q

What drugs affect glutamate?

A

Alcohol

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28
Q

Cholinergic vs adrenergic?

A

The main difference between adrenergic and cholinergic is that adrenergic involves the use of neurotransmitter adrenaline and noradrenalin whereas cholinergic involves the use of neurotransmitter Acetylcholine.

29
Q

What are endorphins involved in?

A

Substances involved in pain relief and reward/punishment

30
Q

What drugs affect endorphins?

A

Opioids

31
Q

What drug related factors can affect the way they work in people?

A 
Nature of drug
Amount
Route of administrations
Quantity 
Quality
Combinations
Other medication
32
Q

What person related factors can affect the way they work in people?

A

Tolerance
Physical health
Mental health
Social stressors

33
Q

What system does cocaine primarily work on?

A

reward system (Limbic system, amygdala, pre-frontal cortex)

34
Q

Normally, in pleasure circuit dopamine is released, it activates the next neuron and is transported back to be absorbed.

How does cocaine affect this?

A

Cocaine binds to transporter system and prevents the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin

This leads to prolonged presence of dopamine and serotonin

35
Q

What does cocaine prevent the reuptake of?

A

Dopamine and serotonin

36
Q

What is the effect of prolonged presence of dopamine and serotonin?

A

Causes intense pleasure, impulsivity and alertness

37
Q

Constant use results in down regulation of receptors by the body. Why is this? What does this result in?

A

In an effort to reduce the effects of dopamine

This results in craving for more drug leading to dependence

38
Q

The regions of the brain comprising the “reward system” use which neurotransmitter to communicate?

A

Dopamine

39
Q

What circuit does Amphetamines & Met-amphetamines work on? Why?

A

Pleasure circuit as these are chemically similar to dopamine and norepinephrine

40
Q

How do Amphetamines & Met-amphetamines enter the neuron?

A

Directly enters the neuron through cell membrane

41
Q

What do Amphetamines & Met-amphetamines bind to?

A

Binds to molecules that carry dopamine and norepinephrine and reaches terminal

It enters the vesicles containing the 2 neurotransmitters and releases them

42
Q

In usual circumstances, what happens when there is excess of a neurotransmitter?

A

Excess of neurotransmitter is usually destroyed by enzymes

43
Q

How do amphetamines affect the destroying of excess neurotransmitters?

A

Amphetamines prevents the destruction –> the excess neurotransmitters are released in the synapse

44
Q

Effects of dopamine?

A

euphoria and impulsivity

45
Q

Effects of norepinephrine?

A

alertness and anti-fatigue feeling

46
Q

The dopamine transporter normally moves unbound dopamine from the synapse into the sending neuron.

How does ritalin and cocaine affect this?

A

Both BLOCK the dopamine transporter, causing dopamine to build up in the synapse

47
Q

How does methamphetamine affect dopamine?

A

Fools the cell into dumping dopamine into the synapse, causing a surge of exhilaration

48
Q

What does stimulant induced mania involve?

A

euphoria, increased alertness, increased vigor, decreased food intake, decreased sleep, increased familiarity

49
Q

How can stimulants affect mental health?

A
  • Stimulant induced mania
  • Psychosis
  • Depression
50
Q

What pathway does opiates affect?

A

Opiates inhibit pain signals in pain pathway

Opiates also activate mesolimbic reward system of brain by releasing dopamine and reducing noradrenergic activity

i.e. reduce pain but also create pleasure

51
Q

How do opiates increase dopamine levels?

A

By attaching to their mu receptors, exogenous opioids reduce the amount of GABA released.

Normally, GABA reduces the amount of dopamine released in the nucleus accumbens.

By inhibiting this inhibitor, the opiates ultimately increase the amount of dopamine produced

52
Q

What is the endocannabinoid system?

A

Plays a critical role in the nervous system’s normal functioning

53
Q

What is anandamide?

A

brain lipid that binds to cannabinoid receptors and mimics the psychoactive effects of plant-derived cannabiniod drugs

54
Q

How does anandamide affect the brain?

A

affects brain areas that influence pleasure, memory, thinking, concentration, movement, coordination, and sensory and time perception.

55
Q

What does THC bind?

A

THC in marijuana binds with CB receptors like Anandamide

56
Q

How does THC affect the brain?

A

THC is able to alter the functioning of the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex affecting memory and learning

THC disrupts functioning of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, brain areas that regulate balance, posture, coordination, and reaction time

57
Q

What pathway does THC affect?

A

THC stimulates neurons in the reward system to release the signalling chemical dopamineby removing inhibition by GABA

58
Q

How does THC increase dopamine?

A

by removing inhibition by GABA

59
Q

What are synthetic cannabinoids?

A

cannabinoids refer to a growing number of human-made mind-altering chemicals sprayed on dried, shredded plant material or vaporised to produce a high

effects are severe and dangerous - ‘zombie’

60
Q

3 aspects of management of drug use?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Social
61
Q

What are biological managements for drug use?

A
  1. Antidote (e.g. Naloxone)
  2. Detoxification
  3. Substitute (e.g. Methadone)
  4. Deterrence (e.g. Disulfiram)
  5. Anti-craving (e.g. Accamprosate)
62
Q

What is Naloxone?

A

A medication used to block the effects of opioids. It is commonly used to counter decreased breathing in opioid overdose.

63
Q

What is methadone?

A

Methadone is a synthetic opiate manufactured for use as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.

64
Q

What is Disulfiram?

A

A drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol

65
Q

What is Accamprosate?

A

used along with counselling to treat alcohol dependence

66
Q

Psychological managements for drug use?

A 
Motivational interviewing
Brief interventions
CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)
Contingency management
Self help

etc…

67
Q

Social managements for drug use?

A 
Employment
Training and education
Housing
Relationships
Financial
Criminal/Justice support
68
Q

Purpose of Benzodiazepines during alcohol withdrawal?

A 
Seizures and tremors
Difficulty sleeping and restlessness
Nausea and vomiting
Irritability
Chills and sweats
Headaches
Pain
Anxiety
Panic

Yr 2 - Mental Health (1 decks)

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