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VM 737 Anesthesia > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Drug classes used to premed

A 
anticholinergics
phenothiazines
alpha 2's
benzodiazepines
opioids
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2
Q

Anticholinergics used for pre-med

A

Atropine

Glycopyrrolate

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3
Q

Atropine

A
  • can cross BBB, placenta b/c liphophyllic

- shorter onset & duration = drug of choice for emergency bradycardia

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4
Q

Glycopyrrolate

A
  • longer onset & duration
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5
Q

Contraindications for anticholinergics

A
  • causes ileus in EQ
  • not useful in rabbits, rum b/c atropinase & rumen microflora eliminates drug too fast (use glyco instead)
  • don’t used concurrently w/ alpha 2’s
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6
Q

How do anticholinergics work?

A

block ACH at muscarinic receptors –> anti SLUDGE (block parasymp activity)

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7
Q

Effects of anticholinergics

A

Increase HR
Bronchodilation
Decrease secretions, GI activity

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8
Q

Phenothiazines used for pre-med

A

Acepromazine (IV, IM, SQ)

Trazodone (PO)

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9
Q

Acepromazine

A
  • dilute and non-dilute forms - calculations/doses vary

- potent venodilator

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10
Q

How do phenothiazines work?

A

alpha 1 antagonist - block excitatory NT’s (dopamine & NE) to tranquillize
Reduces anxiety w/o causing excessive sedation
no reversal

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11
Q

Contraindications for phenothiazines

A
  • avoid in shocky patients (d/t vasodilation, hypotension)
  • caution in seizure patients, may increase incidence
  • weak anti-histamine - may cause reflux (relaxes gastric sphincters) or impact skin allergy tests
  • paraphimosis in breeding stallions
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12
Q

Effects of phenothiazines

A
  • Tranquilization lasting 3-6 hrs (visible 3rd eyelid)
  • Bradycardia, hypotension/vasodilation
  • Decreased RR
  • NO analgesia
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13
Q

What are phenothiazines used for clinically

A
  • calm active/anxious patients
  • treat hypertension
  • antiarrhythmic for catecholamine-induced arrhythmia (NOT trauma-induced)
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14
Q

Alpha 2 agonists used for premed

A
  • Xylazine
  • Romifidine
  • Detomidine
  • Medetomidine
  • Dexmedetomidine
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15
Q

How do alpha-2 agonists work?

A
  • affect descending inhibitory pathway to cause analgesia
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16
Q

Contraindications for alpha 2’s

A
  • don’t pre-treat with anticholinergics

- if concerned about arrhythima

17
Q

Effects of alpha 2’s

A
  • sedation (CNS depression)
  • excellent analgesia
  • vasoconstriction/hypertension –> hypotension (prolonged in EQ), bradycardia (may see cyanosis - give O2)
  • hyperglycemia (anti-insulin effect)
  • diuresis (anti-ADH effect on kidney)
  • decreased RR, stridor
  • GI stasis
18
Q

What are alpha 2’s used for clinically?

A
  • recommended only to use in younger, healthy patients (b/c resp and CV complications)
  • outpatient sedation
  • causes emesis in cats
  • epidural in EQ/cattle
19
Q

List alpha 2’s from least to most potent

A

Xylazine < Romif < Detom < Mede < Dexmed

Xylazine least potent, needs greater dose/bigger volume

20
Q

What drug class causes phantom kicks in EQ & random arousal in SA

A

Alpha 2’s (more specifically Xylazine?)

21
Q

Why don’t you want to use an anticholinergic to pretreat for the bradycardia seen w/ alpha 2’s?

A

Anticholinergic will increase work of heart, but no benefit to CO b/c periphery still vasoconstricted
Can use once in bradycardia/hypotension stage tho

22
Q

Common drug protocol to sedate a fractious patient? SA vs. LA?

A

SA - Alpha 2 + opioid or Ace (reduce random arousal)

LA - Detomadine + Torb or Ace to decrease phantom kicks, but also low vol so can give quicker w/ pole syringe

23
Q

What drug class should you not give to sheep? Why?

A

alpha 2’s/xylazine - damage lung tissue, cause hypoxia, pulmonary hemorrhage

24
Q

Benzo’s used for premed

A

Midazolam
Diazepam
(Zolazepam)

25
Q

How do benzo’s work?

A
  • modulate GABA release to increase CNS inhibition

- no analgesia

26
Q

Contraindications for benzo’s

A
  • may cause abberant/dissociative behavior in young healthy SA/EQ
  • can cross placenta –> neonate depression
  • don’t give repeated PO dose to cats in liver failure - worsens it
27
Q

Effects of benzo’s

A
  • reduce muscle hypertonicity (esp. EQ)
  • stops seizures
  • appetite stim in cats
  • may increase anxiety/excitement
  • Yay minimal CV and Resp effects
28
Q

What are benzo’s used for clinically?

A
  • sedation
  • seizure treatment
  • appetite stim in cats
29
Q

Reversals for Benzo’s

A

Flumazenil (but $$)

30
Q

Reversal for opioids

A

Naloxone (short acting)

Naltrexone (longer acting)

31
Q

Effects of opiods

A
  • analgesia, some sedation
  • bradycardia
    +/- vomiting (morphine, hydro, torb)
  • resp depression
  • dysphoria, excitement
32
Q

How could you counter the histamine release caused by morphine?

A

Acepromazine is an antihistamine

33
Q

morphine

A

histamine release

excitement in cats

34
Q

methadone

A

helps w/ windup

decreases chances of vomiting

35
Q

only opioid used for sedation

A

Butorphanol (torb)

VM 737 Anesthesia (4 decks)

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