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Pharmacology Drugs > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

List category and actions of each drug listed

1
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

1st gen. H1 histamine blocker
Competitive antagonist/inverse agonist
^ free intracellular Ca2+

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2
Q

Chlorpheniramine

A

1st gen. H1 histamine blocker
Competitive antagonist/inverse agonist
^ free intracellular Ca2+

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3
Q

phrilamine

A

1st gen. H1 histamine blocker
Competitive antagonist/inverse agonist
^ free intracellular Ca2+

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4
Q

Meclizine

A

1st gen. H1 histamine blocker
Competitive antagonist/inverse agonist
^ free intracellular Ca2+

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5
Q

hydroxyzine

A

1st gen. H1 histamine blocker
Competitive antagonist/inverse agonist
^ free intracellular Ca2+

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6
Q

Cetirizine

A

2nd gen H1 histamine blocker
Competitive antagonist/inverse agonist
^ free intracellular Ca2+
Pumped out of BBB by P glycoprotein

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7
Q

Loratidine

A

2nd gen H1 histamine blocker
Competitive antagonist/inverse agonist
^ free intracellular Ca2+
Pumped out of BBB by P glycoprotein

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8
Q

Fexofenadine

A

2nd gen H1 histamine blocker
Competitive antagonist/inverse agonist
^ free intracellular Ca2+
Pumped out of BBB by P glycoprotein

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9
Q

Epinepherine

A

Functional antagonist of histamine effects
Agonizes all ARs
A: vasoconstriction –> ^ BP
B1: ^ HR and CO –> ^ systolic BP
B2: skeletal muscle vasodilation –> decreased systolic BP –> widening in pulse
Vc, decreased allergic response
Use in anaphylactic shock, heaves, hypotensive states, cardiac arrest, + hemostasis, local anesthesia, can produce cardiac dysrhythmias

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10
Q

Misoprostil

A

H2-histamine antagonist, PGE derivative
Decrease acid secretion, increase GI mucosal cytoprotection, decrease mast cell degranulation
Highly effective, long lasting

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11
Q

Dinoprost

A

PGF-2a derivative
Estrus synchronization
Increase uterine contractions (expel uterus pus, abortion)

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12
Q

Travoprost

A

PGF-2a derivative

Glaucoma, ocular fluid drainage (decr. ocular pressure)

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13
Q

latanoprost

A

PGF-2a derivative

Glaucoma, ocular fluid drainage (decr. ocular pressure)

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14
Q

Carprofen

A 
Proprionic acid derived
Inhibits COX-2 > COX-1
No TxA2 inhibition
Low ulcer formation
Anti-inflammatory
analgesic > aspirin, phenylbutazone
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15
Q

Deracoxib

A

Coxib
Inhibits COX-2 > COX-1
No TxA2 inhibition
GI ulcers and changes in renal function at high doses

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16
Q

Tepoxalin

A

Dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor (block both sides of arachadonic acid pathway)
Inhibits COX-2 > COX-1, 5-LOX, NF-kB, TxA2

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17
Q

Phenylbutazone –> oxyphenbutazone

A

anti-inflammatory/analgesic
inhibits prostanoid biosynthesis, COX-1 and COX-2, and 5-LOX
Chondrodestructive effects

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18
Q

Flunixin/Flunixin Meglumide

A

Non-selective COX inhibitor (both COX-1 and COX-2)
May inhibit NF-kB
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic
Used for skeletal muscle pain (horses) and visceral pain (dogs)

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19
Q

Aspirin/salicylate ions

A

Irreversibly acetylates/inhibits COX
–> decreases TxA2 formation
Can change properties of COX-2 favoring production of anti-inflammatory lipoxins
anticoagulant, analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory

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20
Q

Cloprostenol

A

PGF-2a derivative
Estrus synchronization
Increase uterine contractions (expel uterus pus, abortion)

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21
Q

Cromoglycate

A

Mast cell stabilizer

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22
Q

Mifepristone

A

GcR antagonist
Inhibits dissociation of HSP90
Changes interaction of GcR with accessory proteins to inhibit GC-GcR effects on gene transcription

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23
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

Full GC agonist
Short duration
Low anti-inflammatory and Na+ retention potency
Act at GcRs and mineralocorticoid receptors

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24
Q

Dexamethasone

A

Full GC agonist
Long duration
High potency
No mineralocorticoid activity

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25
Q

Prednisone ( –> prednisolone)

A

Medium duration and potency
Works both at GcR and MC receptors (more so at GcR)
Prednisolone is more bioavailable in dogs and cats

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26
Q

Triamcinolone

A

Medium duration and potency

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27
Q

Aldosterone

A

High mineralocorticoid potency
^ Na+ retention and K+ secretion
Can lead to hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis

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28
Q

Betamethasone

A

Long duration
Highly potent GcR agonist
Less mineralocorticoid effects

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29
Q

Cortisone –> hydrocortisone

A

Greatest MC side effects

Binds both GcRs and MCRs

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30
Q

Fludrocortisone

A 
short duration
medium potency (esp. Na+ retention potency)
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31
Q

SEGRAs

A

Selective GcR agonists
Trans-repress pro-inflammatory genes
trans-activate anti-inflammatory genes
no catabolism-related gene TS –> less side effects

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32
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Calcineurin inhibitor: binds cyclophilin
Inhibits gene transcription in activated Th cells
Inhibits mast cells and eosinophils as well
Uses for CsA: ocular inflammation, dry eye, atopic dermatitis, graft vs. host defense
CsA increases digoxin plasma levels
Most effective if given before T cell activation has occurred

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33
Q

Tacrolimus

A 
Calcineurin inhibitor: FKBP
Inhibits gene transcription in activated Th cells
atopic dermatitis
More potent
Use topically
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34
Q

Bethanechol

A

Cholinomimetic (alkaloid)
mAChR agonist (contracts smooth m.)
Contract detrusor m. and relax trigone/sphincter m.
GI motility

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35
Q

Carbachol

A

Cholinomimetic (alkaloid)
mAChR agonist (contracts smooth m)
Rumen/colonic motility

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36
Q

Pilocarpine

A 
Cholinomimetic alkaloid
tertiary amine - less ionized
mAChR agonist (NOT nAChR)
Topical (eye): pupillary constriction
Glaucoma: miosis decreases intraocular P
Lens ciliary m. accommodation for near vision
Dry eye (KCS): increases lacrimation
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37
Q

Edrophonium

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor
Quaternary ammonium compound: N+ slowly unbinds from (-) anionic site (minutes)
Increases Ach in synaptic zone
Ionized - poor GI absorption

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38
Q

Neostigmine

A

Carbamate: reversible carbomylates esteratic site (15-30m)
Ionized: poor GI absorption
Can increase Ach at NMJ and surmount nicotinic cholinergic antagonist
mAChR blockers co-administered to prevent adverse muscarinic effects of ACE
Potentiates relaxation of depolarizing agents like succinylcholine

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39
Q

Organophosphates

A

Irreversibly phosphorylate esteratic site (must be replaced)
Lipid soluble
With all cholinergic agonists: watch for SLID and cardiorespiratory effects (bradycardia)
Cholinergic toxidrome

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40
Q

Solanaceous (belladonna)

A

mAChR antagonist
alkaloid, tertiary amine ~atropine
mydriasis
increases ocular P, cycloplegia, decreased tear formation
Increased HR and AV conduction
Bronchodilation, decreased tracheobronchiolar secretions
Decreased salivation, GI motility, urinary bladder relaxation and retention
Antiemetic
Sedation (only tertiary amines)

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41
Q

Scopolamine

A

tertiary amine ~atropine
mydriasis
increases ocular P, cycloplegia, decreased tear formation
Increased HR and AV conduction
Bronchodilation, decreased tracheobronchiolar secretions
Decreased salivation, GI motility, urinary bladder relaxation and retention
Antiemetic
Sedation (only tertiary amines)

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42
Q

Tropicamide

A

shorter duration and less cycloplegic effects than atropine
can use as short-acting non-cycloplegic a1-Ar agonists
mydriasis
increases ocular P, cycloplegia, decreased tear formation
Increased HR and AV conduction
Bronchodilation, decreased tracheobronchiolar secretions
Decreased salivation, GI motility, urinary bladder relaxation and retention
Antiemetic
Sedation (only tertiary amines)
Quaternary amines and atropine are more peripherally selective

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43
Q

Trimethaphan

A

nN-AChR blocker (ANS ganglia, some peripheral N-terminals)
Inhibits both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmission
Blocks ganglia without skeletal muscle paralysis
Causes tachycardia, mydriasis, cycloplegia, urine retention, dry mouth, decrease in GI motility (constipation), decreased sweating, decreased cardiac contractility/CO, increased vasodilation, hypotension
Use as hypotensive agent

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44
Q

Pancuronium

A

nMAChR blocker (skeletal ms. endplates)
Non-depolarizing NM blocker = curariform
Long duration of action (>35m)
Use as skeletal ms. relaxants/paralyzing agents
Also blocks mAChR –> tachycardia (~atropine)

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45
Q

Vecuronium

A

intermediate duration (20-30m)
No CV side effects
Elim in bile rather than urine

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46
Q

Atracurium

A

~vecuronium

spontaneously decomposes in plasma

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47
Q

Levamisole

A

non-depolarizing NM blocker = curariform

antiparasitic

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48
Q

Succinylcholine

A 
choline ester
parasympathomimetic
depolarizing NM blocker
persistent nAChR agonist
Ultra short action
ACE inhibitors potentiate block
Minimal effects on ganglionic nAChRs (skm selective)
No antidote (atropine ineffective)
49
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

ACE inhibitor, reversible
Dx myasthenia gravis
Reverse NM blockade of curariform
pancuronium/atracurium (give after atropine)

50
Q

Neostigmine

A

ACE inhibitor, reversible
Dx myasthenia gravis
Reverse NM blockade of curariform
pancuronium/atracurium (give after atropine)

51
Q

Edrophonium

A

ACE inhibitor, reversible
Dx myasthenia gravis
Reverse NM blockade of curariform
pancuronium/atracurium (give after atropine)

52
Q

Isoproterenol

A

B-AR agonist ==> affects heart only
More potent than NE or E
B1: increased HR, CO –> increased systolic BP
B2: skeletal muscle vasodilation –> decreased diastolic BP –> widening in pulse P
Can produce arrhythmias
Uses: bronchodilator, alleviate AV block, increase BP
RActopamine: turkey feed additive

53
Q

Dobutamine

A

B1 agonist
short lived
give IV
Increases cardiac contractility –> increased HR
^ CO, ^ cAMP –> ^Na –> depolarization of RMP (makes more +)
Uses: ^ CO in shock or AHF

54
Q

Albuterol

A

B2 agonist
long duration
give intrapulmonary to decrease side effects
Relaxes bronchial, uterine, vascular smooth ms.
Uses: bronchodilator, relax uterus prior to partition
Use in cats/dogs

55
Q

Clenbuterol

A

B2 agonist
long duration
give intrapulmonary to decrease side effects
Relaxes bronchial, uterine, vascular smooth ms.
Uses: bronchodilator, relax uterus prior to partition
Use in horses

56
Q

NE

A

A/B1-AR stimulants (less B2)
A: increased BP (peripheral vasoconstriction)
–> decreased HR due to baroreflex of vagal tone caused by increased BP
if mAChRs blocked, NE will increase HR due to actions at B1-ARs

57
Q

Dopamine

A

D1-DAR agonist
Low doses: dilates renal vasculature
Higher doses: less D-AR selectivity –> interactions with adrenergic receptors
B1: increased NE release to improve HR and CO
A: systemic vasoconstriction –> ^ BP

^ CO, ^ cAMP –> ^Na –> depolarization of RMP (makes more +)

58
Q

Fenoldopam

A

D1 DAR selective agonist
no effects on ARs
dilate renal vasculature

59
Q

Amphetamines/tyramine

A

stimulate release of NE from sympathetic nerves

stimulate a-AR

60
Q

Cocaine/tricyclic antidepressants

A

decrease NE uptake into nerve terminals

61
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)

A

Inhibit NE breakdown

antidepressant

62
Q

Phentolamine

A

blcok all a-ARs
Opposite of NE
decrease peripheral resistance –> hypotension
Use: ST BP control in dogs with pheochromocytoma

63
Q

Prazosin

A

a1-AR antagonist: relax vascular smooth muscle –> decrease peripheral resistance and venous return to heart (cardiac preload)

Tx of CHF, hypertension, FLUTD

64
Q

Atipamezole

A

a1-AR antagonist
enter CNS and inhibit analgesic, muscle relaxant, and sedating effects of centrally acting a2-AR agonists (xylazine, medetomidine)
antidote for amitraz toxicity

65
Q

Yohimbine

A

a1-AR antagonist
enter CNS and inhibit analgesic, muscle relaxant, and sedating effects of centrally acting a2-AR agonists (xylazine, medetomidine)
antidote for amitraz toxicity

66
Q

Propranolol

A

Class II non-selective B-AR antagonist
decreases HR and contractility esp during high sympathetic tone (stress) –> ST decrease in CO
blocks effects of NE on AV node and decreases conduction
decreases activity of ectopic pacemakers

67
Q

Phenylephrine

A

a1-AR agonist
Arteriolar and venous constriction –> systolic and diastolic BP
reflex decrease HR (bradycardia)
mydriasis (used b/c shorter duration and no cycloplegia as compared to mAChR blockers)

68
Q

Medetomidine (>xylazine)

A

a2-AR agonist in CNS w/hyperpolarizing K+ conductance in neurons –> decreases NE release and inhibits NT including central sympathetic outflow (decreases BP)
sedative, analgestic, vomiting in cats
reversed by a2-AR antagonists (atipamezole)

69
Q

Amitraz

A

A2-AR agonist insecticide

70
Q

lidocaine

A 
CHF drug
Na channel blocker - binds open/inactivated
slows AV conduction
uses: supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
Ectopic pacemakers in purkinje fibers
71
Q

metoprolol

A

CHF drug
B-AR antagonist
decrease B1-AR mediated effect of NE/E on heart
decrease pacemaker current –> decrease sinus rt
decrease AV nodal conduction
reduce ectopic automaticity in bundle of His or ventricle
prolong ERP in His bundle, ventricle

Uses:
decrease ventricular response to supraventricular tachycardia/obstructive heart disease
inhibit ventricular arrhythmias associated with high sympathetic tone ( –> sinus tachycardia)
ectopic pacemakers in purkinje fibers, atrial fibrillation

72
Q

amiodarone

A

CHF drug
K channel blocker - blocks/widens outward K currents in P3 of ventricular AP
atria: increase atrial ERP –> decrease atrial conduction
ventricle: slow repolarization of MP and increase AP duration –> decrease ventricular conduction
Some secondary sites of action (C1, C2, AARD)
Uses: decrease supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, ectopic pacemakers in purkinje fibers

73
Q

sotalol

A

CHF drug
K channel blocker - blocks/widens outward K currents in P3 of ventricular AP
atria: increase atrial ERP –> decrease atrial conduction
ventricle: slow repolarization of MP and increase AP duration –> decrease ventricular conduction
Some secondary sites of action (C1, C2, AARD)
Uses: decrease supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, ectopic pacemakers in purkinje fibers

74
Q

diltiazem

A

CHF drug
Ca channel blocker = potent vasodilators
Cardiac Ca channels as anti-arrhythmics

Use: supraventricular tachycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation (abolishes re-entry)
reduce Ca entry in P0 of nodal AP –> decreased AV nodal conduction
Potential bradycardic effects thru SA node
Ca channels balanced by hypotensive effects of these drugs –> reflex increase in HR

75
Q

verapamil

A

CHF drug
Ca channel blocker = potent vasodilators
Cardiac Ca channels as anti-arrhythmics

Use: supraventricular tachycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation (abolishes re-entry)
reduce Ca entry in P0 of nodal AP –> decreased AV nodal conduction
Potential bradycardic effects thru SA node
Ca channels balanced by hypotensive effects of these drugs –> reflex increase in HR

76
Q

digitalis

A

CHF drug
increases vagal tone of heart
uses: atrial fibrillation

If occurring secondary to CHF, then digoxin is preferred (increases vagal tone + inotropic effects)

77
Q

Furosemide

A

Site 2 Loop diuretic
decreases cardiac load
Na/K/Cl transporter inhibitor –> ^ Na in tubule ==> water excretion, decreases K, Ca, Mg abs
increases Na and water excretion, reducing blood volume

78
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

site 3 diuretic (early DT)
thiazide diuretic
decreases cardiac load
blocks Na/Cl transporter in early distal tubule, decreased NaCl reabsorption, increased long-term Ca reabsorption
increases Na and water excretion, reducing blood volume

79
Q

Spironolactone

A

site 4 diuretic (late DT/CD)
K+ sparing
antagonist of mineralocorticoid receptors and inhibits aldosterone mediated Na+ channels –> less reabsorption, lumen is more electro+ –> less K+ secretion
use for hypokalemia, edema secondary to hyperaldosteronism
dependent on presence of aldosterone

80
Q

Enalapril

A

CHF drug
balanced vasodilator (both aa and vv)
ACE inhibitor
decreases A-II influence

81
Q

Amlodipine

A

CHF drug
a1-AR blocker
balanced vasodilator
Ca channel blocker

82
Q

carvediol

A 
3rd generation B-AR antagonist
blocks B1>B2, also a1
antioxidant
increased CO
decreased HR
decreased adrenergic influence
83
Q

pimobendan

A

PDE inhibitor - increases cAMP

vasodilation, decreased pre and afterload

84
Q

digoxin

A

cardiac glycoside
decrease Na/Ca exchange by inhibiting Na/K/ATPase activity, increased intracellular Na decreases, Ca pumped out
use if you want decreased HR and increased contraction (just changes amplitude of contraction)

85
Q

triamterene

A

site 4 diuretic (late DT/CD)
K+ sparing
directly blocks epithelial Na+ channels in principal cells of late distal tubule and collecting duct to stop K excretion
use for hypokalemia, edema secondary to hyperaldosteronism
not dependent on aldosterone

86
Q

mannitol

A

osmotic diuretic
in PT, TDL, CD
creates osmotic gradient
decreases water reabsorption
increased flow –> less Na+ reabsorption, more urine
use in acute renal failure, toxicant elimination, cerebral edema, glaucoma, osmotic laxative

87
Q

Halothane

A

anesthesia

88
Q

Isoflurane

A

anesthesia

89
Q

Sevoflurane

A

anesthesia

90
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

anesthesia
highest MAC
lowest blood solubility
shortest induction/recovery time

91
Q

Theophylline

A

bronchodilator
methylxanthine
inhibits PDE activity –> decreased cAMP breakdown
dilates airways
increases ciliary beat frequency (mucus clearance)
low therapeutic index

92
Q

Atropine

A

bronchodilator
muscarinic receptor blockers
dilates airways
decreases GI muscle spasms and secretions
use for severe asthma unresponsive to other bronchodilators, anti-vomit

93
Q

glycopyrrolate

A

bronchodilator
muscarinic receptor blockers
quaternary ammonium (no BBB)
dilates airways
decreases GI muscle spasms and secretions
use for severe asthma unresponsive to other bronchodilators, anti-vomit
slow onset, long duration

94
Q

ipratropium

A

bronchodilator
muscarinic receptor blockers
quaternary ammonium (no BBB)
dilates airways
decreases GI muscle spasms and secretions
use for severe asthma unresponsive to other bronchodilators, anti-vomit
more effective and fewer side effects

95
Q

codeine

A

antitussive
act on opioid receptors
decrease sensitivity of cough center medulla to afferent stimuli
decrease awareness of irritation
use for coughing
depresses respiration, blunts CO2 sensitivity

96
Q

butorphanol

A

antitussive
act on opioid receptors: K-opioid R agonist
decrease sensitivity of cough center medulla to afferent stimuli
decrease awareness of irritation
not as much respiratory depression and sedation
use for coughing

97
Q

detromethorphan

A

antitussive
does not act at opioid receptor; sigma agonist
decrease sensitivity of cough center medulla to afferent stimuli
decrease awareness of irritation
use for coughing

98
Q

methoxyflurane

A

anesthesia
lowest MAC
highest blood solubility of inhalants
longest induction/recovery time

99
Q

Acetazolamide

A

site 1 diuretic (PT)

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor –> decreased Na-bicarb reabs –> ^ urine pH –> ^ H, K, Na excretion

100
Q

famotidine>rantidine>cimetidine

A

H2-histamine antagonist
highly effective, long lasting
weak bases
decrease acid and pepsin secretion, ^ pH

101
Q

Omeprazole

A

use for ulcers
inhibits H/K ATPase irreversibly
increase absorption w/increased pH –> systemic –> enter parietal cell –> stop acid secretion

102
Q

sucralfate

A

AlOH and sucrose form coating gel at low pH
Low absorption
binds only ulcerated tissues
increases prostanoids, blood flow, GFs
does not prevent ulcers/decrease acid output

103
Q

Na/Ca carbonate

A

antacid
rapid onset, prolonged action
acid rebound

104
Q

Mg salts

A 
antacid
intermediate
laxatice
longer duration
^^^ pH
105
Q

AlOH

A

Slowly increases prostanoids

risk of constipation

106
Q

Warm water/NaCl/3% H2O2/ipecac

A

irritates GI/distends gut –> stim. afferent nn. –> vomit

107
Q

apomorphine

A

D2-dopamine agonist in dogs

108
Q

xylazine

A

ST A2-AR at doses below sedation/hypertension

109
Q

H2 agonists

A

peripheral anti-emetic

110
Q

Metoclopramide

A

ST gastric motility
prevent relaxation of sphincters
block CN D2-DPA receptors and 5HT3 receptors

111
Q

Ondansetron, dolasetron

A

nlocks serotonin 5HT3 receptors

112
Q

Maropitant

A

blocks G protein coupled type 1 neurokinin (substance P)

113
Q

Cisapride

A

partial agonist at 5HT3 receptor, increased motility

114
Q

Erythromyicin

A

agonist at smooth muscle for motilitn

motility of stomach and upper SI

115
Q

Bisacodyl

A

ST enteric sensory nn, increased intestinal motility, decreased water reabsorption

116
Q

Kaolin-pectin

A

absorbs some toxins

117
Q

Bismuth subsalicylate

A

anti-inflammatory, bacteriocidal, absorb enterotoxins

118
Q

isopropamide, propantheline, n-butyl-scopolammonium bromide

A

muscarinic cholinergic antagonist
quaternary ammonium
inhibit intestinal mobility

119
Q

loperamide

A

opiate stimulant

Pharmacology Drugs (1 decks)

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