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Pharmacology 3001 > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Levothyroxine

A
  • synthetic formulation of T4

- most common treatment for hypothyroidism

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2
Q

Methimazole

A
  • interferes with TH production in the thyroid follicular cell
  • thioamine
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3
Q

Liothyronine

A

-synthetic T3

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4
Q

Liotrix

A
  • synthetic T3 + T4

- $$

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5
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

-synthetic cortisol

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6
Q

Fluticasone

A

-synthetic corticosteroid used in an inhaled formulation for the treatment of asthma

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7
Q

Fludroocortisone

A
  • high potency corticosteroid used in situations where both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid actions are needed
  • Addisons disease
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8
Q

Trimcinocolone

A

-moderate potency topical glucocorticoid agent used for the treatment of dermatitis

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9
Q

NSAIDs

A
  • ibuprofen, naproxen, ASA

- over the counter anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment of tension headaches and mild-moderate migraines

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10
Q

acetaminophen

A
  • over the counter
  • not anti-inflammatory
  • treats tension headaches and moderate migraines
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11
Q

Dihydroergotamine (DHE)

A

-ergot alkaloid compound used in the treatment of migraines, but has many off target effects including hallucinations

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12
Q

Sumatriptan

A
  • serotonin subtype 1D/1B selective agonist

- causes cranial blood vessel constriction + reduction in vasoactive peptide release

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13
Q

Erenumab

A
  • monoclonal antibody targeted to the CGRP neuropeptide receptor
  • recently approved for use in prevention of migraines
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14
Q

opioid analgesics

A

-not recommended (when other alternatives are effective), but may be used as a last resort in the treatment of migraine headaches when other treatments have failed

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15
Q

Methotrexate

A

-interferes with folate metabolism

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16
Q

Doxorubicin

A
  • anti-cancer antibiotic produced by Streptomyces bacteria
  • cardiotoxic anti-neoplastic agent that interferes with DNA replication
    1) disrupts DNA structure
    2) inhibits topoisomerase (unwinding of DNA)
    3) forms free radicals
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17
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

-covalently binds to DNA, adding cross linking alkyl group, which interfere with DNA structure

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18
Q

Paclitaxel

A
  • M phase cell cycle specific agent that prevents DISASSEMBLY of the mitotic spindle
  • Adverse effect= neurotoxicity
19
Q

Sorafenib

A

-small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the VEGF receptor

VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) binds VEGF–> promotes angiogenesis

-susceptible to efflux pumps

20
Q

Imatinib

A

-small molecule inhibitor of the pro-survival tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL (which produces bcl2–> helps cell avoid apoptosis)

21
Q

Vincristine

A
  • M phase cell cycle specific agent that prevents ASSEMBLY of the mitotic spindle
  • Adverse effect= neurotoxicity
22
Q

Bevacizumab

A

-prevents formation of new blood vessels by binding to circulating ligand VEGF

23
Q

Trastuzumab

A

-monoclonal antibody targeted to HER-2 receptors

24
Q

Tamoxifen

A

-competitive antagonist of estrogen receptors

25
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

-B lactams, vancomycin

26
Q

Types of B-Lactams + what they do

A

-bind to the PBPs, prevent transpeptidase activity, peptidoglycan can’t be assembled –> cell lysis and death

1) Penicillins
- -> Narrow spectrum: Pen G and V
- G has poor oral absorption

–> B lactamase resistant: Methicillin

–> Extended spectrum penicillins: Ampicillin, amoxicillin

2) Cephalosporins
- -> First generation: Cephlexin, narrow, gram +
- -> Second generation: Cefuroxime: gram + / some -
- -> Third generation: Ceftazidime: gram +/-
- -> Fourth generation: Cefepime: gram -

3) Monobactams
- monocyclic B-lactam ring
- only works against aerobic gram -

4) Carbapenems
- penicillin like
- sulfur atom in thiazodine ring replaced by carbon
- can cause seizures in epileptics

27
Q

Amphotericin B

A
  • cell membrane inhibitor
  • anti fungal
  • binds to ergosterol
  • poorly absorbed orally
  • poor BBB penetration
  • excreted slowly via kidneys
  • really bad adverse effects: kidney toxicity, nausea
28
Q

Ketoconazole/ Azoles

A
  • another cell membrane inhibitor/ anti fungal
  • binds to CYP450 14alpha demethylase, prevents conversion of lanosterols to ergosterols
  • less toxic than amphotericin B
29
Q

Flucytosine

A
  • anti-fungal
  • targets nucleic acid synthesis
  • more of it allowed into cells by amphotericin B
30
Q

Polymyxin

A
  • cell membrane inhibitor
  • disrupts cell membrane of gram - by binding to LPS
  • acts like detergent
  • rarely resistant, hypersensitivity rare

adverse effects

  • low TI (at higher concentrations can bind other lipids)
  • nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity)
31
Q

Sulfonamides

A
  • folate synthesis antagonist/ inhibitor
  • prevents dna synthesis in bacteria
  • competes with PABA for dihydropteroate synthase
  • bacteriostatic

-resistance by: overproduction of PABA, alteration of binding site, impair permeability

treats prostate and UTIS

32
Q

Trimethoprim

A
  • folate synthesis inhibitor/ antagonist
  • prevents dna synthesis
  • binds dihydrofolate reductase, prevents tetrahydrofolic acid
  • bacteriocidal
33
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A
  • DNA gyrase inhibitor
  • gyrase: enzyme in bacteria that binds and clears DNA, relieves supercoiled, enables replication
  • inhibits replication and transcription

ADVERSE EFFECTS

  • inhibits the metabolism of caffeine by CYP450 1A2
  • tendonitis, spontaneous abortions
34
Q

Rifampin

A
  • RNA pol inhibitor
  • treats mycobacterium infections
  • increases metabolism of other drugs, best when given in combo
35
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors

A

BIND THE 30S

  • aminoglycosides
  • tetracyclines

BIND THE 50S

  • chloramphenicol
  • macrolides
36
Q

Aminoglycosides

A
  • bind the 30S
  • cause the insertion of an incorrect amino acid –> malformed proteins
  • poorly absorbed from gut –> not given orally
  • treat endocarditis
  • bacteriocidal

ADVERSE EFFECTS
-high levels can lead to nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

37
Q

Tetracyclines

A
  • -bind the 30S
  • block the A site, prevent incoming amino acid from coming in
  • bacteriostatic

ADVERSE EFFECTS

  • chelates calcium
  • GI irritation
  • widespread resistance due to use in animal feed
  • teratogenic
38
Q

Chloramphenicol

A
  • binds the 50S subunit
  • prevents peptidyl transferase/ joining of a.a
  • treats meningitis

ADVERSE EFFECTS

  • bone marrow disturbances
  • anemia
  • drug interactions
39
Q

Macrolides

A
  • bind the 50S
  • blocks the translocation of ribosome along mRNA
  • respiratory infections + pneumonia
40
Q

Acyclovir

A
  • acyclic guanosine derivative
  • leads to chain termination
  • lacks 3’ OH
  • inhibits DNA synthesis

-treats HSC

41
Q

Metronidazole

A
  • pro drug // anti-parasite
  • activated in anaerobic cells
  • results in free radicals that damage DNA
42
Q

Traditional antineoplastics

A

1) Alkylating agents
- cyclophosphamide

2) Topoisomerase inhibitors
- Doxorubicin

3) Anti-metabolite
- Methotrexate

4) Anti microtubules
- Vincristine + placlitaxel

43
Q

Small TK inhibitors

A

-Sorafenib: VEGFR

Imatinib: BCR-ABL

cross cell membrane, act inside, bind receptor

Pharmacology 3001 (4 decks)

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