Drugs Flashcards

All of the random ones and what they treat

1
Q

Metaclopromide

A
  • Metoclopramide is a prescription medication used to treat nausea, vomiting, and reflux disease in dogs and cats.
  • Metoclopramide is also used to treat post-operative nausea and vomiting and to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy
  • Post GDV Sx Dogs to promote gastric motility - continuous rate infusion preferable in this case
  • can be used as a gut stimulant for rabbits, but is not very helpful in hindgut stasis (little or no effect on colonic motility) - works on oesophagus, stomach and SI
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2
Q

Primidone

A
  • This medication is used alone or with other medications to control seizures
  • chronic liver toxicity
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3
Q

Sulphonamides

A
  • antimicrobials
  • Sulfonamides are therefore bacteriostatic and inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria, but do not kill them.
  • can lead to chronic liver toxicity
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4
Q

Paracetamol

A
  • mild analgesic and antipyretic
  • Cats are extremely sensitive toparacetamol toxicity. The feline toxic dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg. One regular strength tablet may be toxic to a cat, and a second ingested 24 hours later may be lethal. The signs of toxicity are brown gums, difficulty breathing, blood in the urine, jaundice and swelling
  • liver toxicity in cats
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5
Q

Ursodeoxycholic acid

A
  • indicated in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and for the dissolution of radiolucent gallstones in patients with a functioning gall bladder.
  • used particularly in jaundiced cats
  • most common cause of jaundiced cats in the US is hepatic lipidosis
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6
Q

Anti-fibrotic

A
  • medication that stops the action of TGF-β, reducing the amount of fibrosis. Initially developed to treat idiopathic pulmonaryfibrosis (IPF), pirfenidone has been shown to be safe and effective in treating lungfibrosis in scleroderma patients
  • Possible treatment for Liver Disease
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7
Q

Diazepam

A
  • Sedative
  • may lead to acute hepatopathies in cats
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8
Q

Phenobarbitone

A
  • Phenobarb (phenobarbitone) belongs to a group of medicines called barbiturates.
  • It is used to stop convulsions and induce sleep
  • potential to cause acute hepatopathies
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9
Q

Carprofen

A
  • NSAID
  • can lead to acute hepatopathies in dogs (esp. Labs)
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10
Q

SAM-e

(S- adenosyl L- methionine)

A
  • S-Adenosyl methionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation. Although these anabolic reactions occur throughout the body, most SAM-e is produced and consumed in the liver
  • used to help treat some hepatic disease cases
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11
Q

Benzodiazepines

A
  • sedative drugs
  • Avoid in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy- act on the same receptors as the toxins do in horses
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12
Q

Mannitol

A
  • Mannitol is a diuretic used to force urine production in people with acute (sudden) kidney failure.
  • Mannitol injection is also used to reduce swelling and pressure inside the eye or around the brain
  • can be used to reduce cerebral oedema in patients (horses) with Hepatic Encephalopathy as a result of liver disease
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13
Q

Flunixin

A
  • A potent, non-narcotic, non-steroidal, analgesic drug with anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activity.
  • In cattle, Flunixin Injection is indicated for the control of pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease and endotoxemia and acute bovine mastitis.
  • In horses, Flunixin Injection is recommended for the alleviation of inflammation and pain of musculoskeletal disorders and for the alleviation of visceral pain associated with colic
  • Also indicated in treating inflammatory causes of hepatic disease in horses
  • also used for the treatment of pleural pneumonia causing pleural effusion in horses
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14
Q

Cyclosporine

A
  • Cyclosporine (Atopica) is a potent systemic immunosuppressant that may cause the susceptibility to infection and the development of neoplasia
  • may be used to help treat some skin conditions - ex: block lymphocytes mediated autoimmune disease –> leading to fibrosis of the hair follicles
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15
Q

Amitraz

(aludex shampoo)

A
  • 6 treatments is one of the more suitable options for a dog with Sarcoptic Mange
  • Amitraz is a formamidine antiparasitic agent commonly used in small animals to treat demodicosis and ascarids
  • Amitraz has rapid action on the control of animal ectoparasites, such as mites, ticks, kids, etc., and it persists on hair and wool long enough to control all stages of the parasites.
  • In veterinary medicine, the most common use of amitraz is in tick collars, which contains 9% amitraz as an active ingredient.
  • A collar for a large size dog contains 2.4 g of amitraz(Hugnet et al., 1996). Amitraz is available as a 19.9% topical solution for dogs
  • Active Ingredient in Aludex shampoo
  • Demodex mange
  • Sarcoptic Mange
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16
Q

Imidacloprid/Moxidentin

(Advocate)

A
  • kills fleas, lice, mites and worms
  • Dogs: Fleas, Biting lice, ear mites, sarcoptic mange, demodicosis, heartworm, microfiliariae, dirofilariosis, angiostrongylosis, nematodes
  • Cats: Fleas, ear mites, notoedric mange, heartworm, nematodes
  • Ferret: Fleas, heartworm
  • not for puppies less than 7 weeks and kittens less than 9 weeks
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17
Q

Lime Sulfur Dip

A
  • Lime SULFUR DIP is a sulfurated lime solution which not only kills mites and other parasites it also works against fungi and bacteria. It smells like rotten eggs but it is easy to use, very effective and affordable. It is an ideal mange control solution for breeds such as collies that cannot be given ivermectin
  • +steroids - best treatment for demodectic mange
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18
Q

IGR spray

A
  • used to help control the environment
  • kills fleas (adult, larvae and eggs)
  • IGR prevents moulting
  • Labelled use: flea control
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19
Q

Selamectin

(stronghold)

A
  • Fleas, lice, mites and worms
  • Labelled use: flea control and treatment, ear mites, sarcoptes, biting lice, heart worm, roundworms
  • Dogs, cats and ferrets
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20
Q

Imidacloprid

(advantage)

A
  • kills fleas and lice
  • Prevention and treatment of fleas
  • biting lice (dogs)
  • Species: dogs, cats and rabbits
  • spot on
  • speed of kill: fleas - 24 hours
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21
Q

Furalaner

(bravecto)

A
  • kills fleas and ticks
  • Labelled use: treat fleas, Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus
  • cats and dogs
  • Chewable Tablets: absorption improved with feeding (dogs)
  • Spot on: cats and dogs
    *
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22
Q

Indoxacarb

(activyl)

A
  • spot on treatment for fleas and ticks
  • dogs and cats
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23
Q

Sarolaner

(simparica)

A
  • kills fleas, ticks and mites
  • labelled use: fleas, ixodes, dermacentor, Rhipicephalus
  • Sarcoptes, Domodex, Otodectes
  • DOGS ONLY
  • Chewable tablets
  • Faster than NexGuard and Bravecto
  • treatments for fleas lasts 5 weeks
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24
Q

Nitenypram

(Capstar)

A
  • kills adult fleas
  • Labelled use: treat fleas
  • Species: dogs and cats
  • Oral tablets
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25
Q

Spinosad

(comfortis)

A
  • tetracyclic macrolide
  • target nACH receptor
  • treat fleas
  • Species: Dogs and cats
  • administration: oral tablets
  • should not be given in combination with ivermectin
  • vomiting in dogs and cats
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26
Q

Afoxolaner + Milbemycin

(NexGard Spectra)

A
  • kills fleas, ticks and some nematodes
  • treat fleas, Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus, Heart worm, roundworm, hook worm, whipworm
  • does not cover for Tapeworm!
  • Dogs only
  • Similar properties to Nexguard with administration, kill, etc.
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27
Q

Afoxolaner

(NexGuard)

A
  • kills fleas and ticks
  • Treat fleas, Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus
  • Dogs Only
  • Chewable tablets
  • Works faster than Bravecto
  • Fleas = 5 weeks
  • Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus = 4 weeks
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28
Q

Sarmazenil

A
  • partial inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonist
  • is a drug from the benzodiazepine family. It acts as a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors,[1] meaning that it causes the opposite effects to most benzodiazepine drugs, and instead acts as an anxiogenic and convulsant
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29
Q

Metronidazole

A
  • AB
  • good treatment option for Acute Liver Failure in horses for anaerobic bacteria coverage
  • Metronidazole is used to treat protozoal infections in dogs and cats including Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, and Balantidium.
  • It also is used to treat anaerobic bacterial infections. Metronidazole has immune-modulating activity and may be prescribed to treat inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Metronidazole is commonly used in horses to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria or protozoa, and is considered accepted practice within veterinarymedicine
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30
Q

Cisapride

A
  • Metoclopramide HCl is an antiemetic and GI stimulatory drug, whose mechanism of action is not well understood.
  • Stimulation of the serotonin receptors increases acetylcholine release in the enteric nervous system.
  • Best option for hingut fermentor stasis
  • oesophagus, SI, stomach, colon
  • more potent than metaclopramide
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31
Q

Cholestyramine

A
  • a medication primarily prescribed to lower cholesterol.
  • However, because of its effects on bile acid, it sometimes is prescribed as a treatment for chronic cases of diarrhea.
  • bind to enterotoxins in Small Mammal D+ cases
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32
Q

Glucocorticoids and their Dosing range for SA’s

(Atopic Dermatitis and Anti-Inflammatory Dose)

A
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33
Q

Dopram

A
  • Doxapram hydrochloride (marketed as Dopram, Stimulex or Respiram) is a respiratory stimulant.
  • Administered intravenously, doxapram stimulates an increase in tidal volume, and respiratory rate
  • Can be used to aid in the resuscitation of neonates (C-section)
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34
Q

Dexamethasone

A
  • Dexamethasone is a powerful glucocorticoid that is used in veterinary medicine to treat a very wide range of conditions, from inflammation to autoimmune diseases.
  • Dexamethasone is similar to cortisone, a naturally-occurring hormone produced by the adrenal gland.
  • Used in farm (sheep and cattle) to induce parturition by acting as fetal cortisol and influencing oestrogen: progesterone levels
  • can induce them in 48-72 hours
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35
Q

Fecundin

Androvax (sheep)

Ovastim (sheep)

A
  • dextran adjuvant to increase the ovulation rate in a ewe
  • immunisation against androstenedione to remove negative feedback on the hypothalamus & pituitary which then increases FSH concentrations
  • more recruitment of follicles leading to a higher ovulation rate
  • one injection will often do the trick!
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36
Q

Vaxstrate (calves)

Equity (horses)

Gonacon (deer)

IMPROVAC (boar taint)

A
  • Immunization against GnRH
  • inhibits production of gonadotrophins, LH/FSH & gonadal steroids
  • reduces testicular size and function
  • AImed to control aggression and reduce male-associated odors
  • to also lower the growth rate in male calves
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37
Q

SpayVac

A
  • used in different species including wildlife as a fertilization prevention - population control
  • Zone Pellucida Protein antibodies
  • stops sperm binding
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38
Q

Cypermethrin

A
  • Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer products for domestic purposes.
  • It behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects.
  • Used in equine medicine for louse infestations
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39
Q

Metricure

(cephalosporin)

A
  • Intra-uterine antibiotic infusion (cephapirin) for the treatment of subacute and chronic endometritis in cows and repeat breeders.
  • Metricure is indicated for the treatment of subacute and chronic endometritis in cows (at least 14 days after parturition) caused by bacteria sensitive to cephapirin.
  • If chronic lesions are present & fail to respond to treatment - intrauterine infusion with Pevidine Iodine (antiseptic?)
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40
Q

Acepromazine

(ACP)

A
  • Acepromazine maleate is a phenothiazine derivative that is used as a neuroleptic agent in veterinary medicine.
  • Mares: sedation and prolactin release
  • It is a commonly used tranquilizer for dogs, cats, and horses. (PRE-MED)
  • Phenothiazines decrease dopamine levels and depress some portions of the reticular activating system
  • Can be use in male horses with a hemorrhagic complication after castration to lower BP and flow to the testicular artery - emergency intervention
  • AVOID USE IN COLTS- can lead to paraphimosis
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41
Q

Regumate

A
  • Regumate Equine is used to control oestrus (“heat”) in mares. It is supplied as a liquid to be given directly into the mouth, or added to a small amount of food. It can be given daily to a mare early in her season and usually within 3 days it will stop that oestrus.
  • Regumate can continue to be given once daily afterwards to prevent the return to oestrus (or attempt to maintain a pregnancy with an affected or bad CL)
  • When daily dosing stops, 95% of mares will show signs of returning to oestrus within 5 days
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42
Q

Clenbuterol

A
  • muscle relaxant
  • Horse Dystocia - Muscle relaxants such as clenbuterol, Clenbuterol hydrochloride, may be an alternative; they are effective but it also takes some time for their full action. Clenbuterol competes with the physiological effect of oxytocin during parturition.
  • Clenbuterol is a steroid-like chemical that was initially developed to treat asthma in horses, working by relaxing the airways in the animals’ lungs
  • The drug is both a decongestant and a bronchodilator. A decongestant thins the blood to reduce blood pressure while a bronchodilator widens the vessels that carry oxygen, so the volume of oxygen in the blood increases
  • Clenbuterol stimulates both the heart and central nervous system
  • It is also a beta-2-agonist, which is the opposite of a beta-blocker. While a beta-blocker will reduce the production of epinephrine and noradrenaline, clenbuterol increases it.
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43
Q

Furosemide

A
  • Loop Diuretic
  • Most widely used treatment of diuretic in HF
  • Used in combination with Spironolactone if patient becomes refractory to furosemide
  • cannot take these patients off diuretics indefinitely!
  • start at 1-2 mg/kg orally 2-3 times a day
  • can help with HCM cats as well in CHF (treat to effect to get breathing normally)- can improve in about 90min!
  • some use on racehorses in cases of aiding EIPH -to reduce pulmonary capillary pressures - but Horses CANNOT race on Furosemide in the UK (can in the US)
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44
Q

Turasemide

A
  • Loop Diuretic for HF treatment
  • deemed as effective or more than Pimobendan
  • might be more $$
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45
Q

Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide

A
  • Thiazide Diuretics that work on DCT
  • second line treatment for HF patients
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46
Q

Spironolactone, Amiloride

A
  • block action of aldosterone
  • Potassium Sparing Diuretics used for HF treatment
  • used in conjunction with Pimobendan and ACEI for MVD dogs (evidence based treatment)
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47
Q

Glyceryl Trinitrate

A
  • Venodilator used for HF patients
  • reduce preload
  • percutaneously administered ointment or cutaneous patches
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48
Q

Nitropusside, ACEI, Pimobendan, Amlodipine

A
  • Balanced Vasodilators
  • act on the arteries AND veins
  • Nitropusside only used in emergency setting in ICU
  • used to reduce preload and afterload in HF patients
  • ACEI (lower ANg II production)
  • Pimobendan (ionotropinc and arteriodilator)
  • Amlodopine (calcium channel blocker, now used in cats as anti- hypertensive drug)
  • also xanthines and alpha blockers
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49
Q

Pimobendan

A
  • Positive Ionotropic Drug and arteriodilator
  • increases troponin senistivity to Ca2+ (binding for actin/myosin of cardiac cells)
  • also a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (increase cAMP levels in cardiac muscle –> increase contractility)
  • shown to be effective and not lead to earlier death by overworked myocardium!
  • Evidence based treatment for MVD and DCM
  • may be good for HCM cats with systolic dysfunction in refractory CHF: but, should not be given to cats with dynamic LVOT obstruction
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50
Q

Dobutamine

A
  • short term emergency care for systolic failure
  • has to be given by constant rate infusion
  • positive ionotrope
  • may overwork the myocardium!
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51
Q

Digoxin

A
  • positive ionotrope
  • used as an anti-arrhythmic now in dogs with atrial fibrillation
  • used to be a top ionotropic drug before pimobendan
  • lowers HR and sympathetic tone
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52
Q

Atenolol

A

B-blocker!

  • used in people for the treatment of angina
  • reduce increase in HR and contractility
  • can be given to cats to aid with Dynamic VOT obstruction associated with HCM
  • doesn’t seem to affect survival time but may improve QoL (asymptomatic cats)
  • can be a nightmare to pill these cats though!
53
Q

Clopidogrel

A
  • antiplatelet medicine or “blood thinner”
  • this or aspirin can be given to cats with LA enlargement
  • Clopidigrel showed higher survival rates in ATE cats compared to aspirin
  • associated with cardiomyopathy as a hope to reduce the risk of aortic thromboemboism (ATE)
54
Q

Erythromycin

A
  • Macrolide Antimicrobial
  • Horses: can be a cause of primary myocardial disease
55
Q

Quinidine Sulphate

A
  • Class I antiarrhythmic
  • used commonly in horses with Atrial Fibrillation (to restore normal rhythm, only if need to for competition and exercise tolerance)
  • slows Na+ fast channels, promotes electrical homogeneity of atria
  • Has a lot of unwanted effects so rarely used in other species!
  • vagolytic - ventricular tachycardia upon administration (give Digoxin to prep)
  • alpha adrenergic antagonist - hypotension
  • Negative Inotrope - decreases CO
  • must keep on ECG to monitor during administration! - can knock them into a potentially fatal arrhythmia while converting (4% of cases)
  • give via NG tube! - stop if they get tachycardia (over 100bpm), colic, D+ or GRS widened by 25%
  • Extra Cardiac SE’s:
56
Q

Transvenous electrocardioversion

A
  • can use currents to return horses to sinus rhythm from atrial fibrillation
  • need to be ok to go under GA - more risky for horses in general
  • could be good alternative to SE’s of Quinidine Sulphate
57
Q

Acyclovir and Interferon

A
  • anit-viral drugs
  • may be used in attempt to treat Equine Influenza Virus (not sure about effectiveness)
  • make sure to monitor these horses for secondary bacterial infections associated with the viral infection
58
Q

ProteqFlu

A
  • vaccine aimed in the prevention of Equine Influenza
  • one of the few vaccines that includes the most prevelant strains of H3N8 –> florida clade 1 and 2
  • only one out of 4 vaccines to cover FC-2
  • this along with Equlis Prequenza protect for FC-1
  • can still get some cross protection from the other vaccines for FC-2 and they have adjuvants! - just the protection is not GREATT
  • 1 being the N. America strain becoming recently important in the UK
  • H7N7 - this strain has not been isolated since the 1970s
  • jockey club:

1st equine influenza vax - 6 mo. (due to the presence of MDA)

2nd vax- 21-92 days later

3rd vax- 150 -215 days later

thereafter annually - STRICT RULES

  • horses cannot race until the 8th day after the day of vaccination
59
Q

Clenbuterol

A
  • Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator.
  • Bronchodilator used in horses with Severe Equine Asthma or RAO
  • systemic or inhaled
60
Q

Prednisolone

A
  • Corticosteroid
  • used in helping to treat pulmonary inflammation in Severe Equine Asthma!
  • Prednisolone and Prednisone for dogs are drugs commonly prescribed by veterinarians to treat the pain and inflammation associated with injury, illness and surgery. These synthetic corticosteroids are designed to simulate the glucocorticoid hormones produced naturally by a dog’s adrenal glands
  • can be used in conjuntion with chemotherapy drugs
  • can help in causing apoptosis in lymphoid cells of lymphoma cases
  • can be used in horses for anit-inflammatory Tx of skin disease only until there are no further lesions and pruritis is controlled - then can get onto a lower dose (maintenance)
61
Q

Penicillin and Metranidazole

A
  • can be given to horses experiencing pleural pneumonia in hopes of targeting any anaerobic bacteria until culture and sensitivity are returned
62
Q

enilconazole

(an imidazole)

A
  • topical used to treat Dermatophytosis in dogs, cattle and horses
  • Fungicide
63
Q

Miconazole-chlorohexidine combination

(malaseb shampoo)

A
  • topical therapy to treat cats with Dermatophytosis infection
  • antifungal
  • could also use lime sulphur solution (common in US)
64
Q

Itraconzole

(intrafungol)

A
  • licensed in cats for the use of systematic treatment for Dermatophytosis
65
Q

Bovilis Ringvac

A
  • live T.verrucosum vaccine used in cattle
66
Q

Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, fluconazole

A
  • systematic therapy for Malassezia in dogs
  • some given with concurrent CEPHALEXIN to try and avoid Staphylococcal overgrowth
  • itraconazole and ketoconazole seem to be effective enough in most cases
  • itraconazole can cause some adverse SE’s as well, also very pricey in US ($$) - preferable choice in the UK
  • avoid compounded formulations in US!!
67
Q

1st tier drugs

Systemic Therapy for Pyoderma

A
68
Q

Cefovecin

(convenia, Zoetis)

A
69
Q

Fusidic Acid

A
  • anti-staphylococcal
  • Treatment for surface pyo!
  • low MIC shown for animal MRSA and MRSP recently
  • Combined with betamethasone in Isaderm/an ointment licensed for humans without glucocorticoid
  • may be as ear and eye drops (isathal)
70
Q

Silver Sulfadiazine

(flamazine)

A
  • used when surface pyoderma is due to gram negative bacteria
  • Silvadene is commonly used in the prevention and treatment of bacterial and yeast infections, wounds and burns​
71
Q

Chlorohexidine 2-4% shampoos

(+/- miconazole)

A
  • used to treat widespread surface pyoderma cases
  • bacterial overgrowth!
  • 2-3 times per week, 10 minute contact time
  • takes a lot of owner compliance
72
Q

Miconazole

A
  • Miconazole, is an antifungal medication used to treat ring worm, pityriasis versicolor, and yeast infections of the skin
73
Q

Malaseb

A
  • Malaseb is a shampoo containing chlorhexidine and miconazole.
  • It is used to treat skin conditions in dogs where an overgrowth of bacteria or yeasts are present
  • need owner compliance
  • helps treat seborrheic dermatitis (eczema in areas such as the head)
  • good against cocci and yeasts respectively!
  • there is shampoo, cream, spray, foam, etc.
74
Q

Microbex

A
  • Microbex is an antibacterial and antifungal shampoo used to treat skin infections in dogs.
  • Skin infections and irritations are commonly seen in dogs, caused by bacteria and fungus living on the skin and fur, which can cause itching, discomfort, and sores
75
Q

Isaderm Gel

(fuciderm)

A
  • Isaderm (formerly Fuciderm) Gel is an aqueous based gel containing fusidic acid and betamethasone
  • fusidic acid and a glucocorticoid
  • Isaderm Gel is used for the topical treatment of surface pyoderma in the dog such as acute moist dermatitis (‘hot spots’) and intertrigo (skin fold dermatitis). Betamethasone valerate is an anti-inflammatory and an anti-pruritic whilst Fusidic acid is an antibiotic which is active against Staphylococcus, in particular, S. intermedius, the major organism associated with pyoderma in the dog and streptococci
76
Q

Surolan Cream or Eardrops

A

Target species

  • Dogs and cats (twice daily depending on the severity?)
  • broad spectrum - don’t use chronically, more just to get in remission

Indications for use, specifying the target species

  • For the topical treatment of otitis externa and skin infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria e.g. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • For the topical treatment of otitis externa and skin infections caused by fungi and yeasts: Trichophytonspp., Microsporum spp., Malassezia pachydermatis, Candida spp.
  • For the topical treatment of otitis externa caused by the ear mite Otodectes cynotis.
  • The product also has anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic activity.
  • licensed as ear and skin Tx

Contraindications

  • Do not use in animals with perforated ear drums since Polymyxin B is known to be a potential ototoxic agent.
77
Q

Duoxo Pyo pads

A
  • not licensed for the treatment of surface pyoderma
  • but owners tend to buy them and can use them
  • Chlorohexidine wipes - work against gram +’s and some against yeast
78
Q

Morphine

A
  • opioid
  • must give IM
  • Do not give to dogs IV! - will bind to mast cell causing SYSTEMIC degranulation and possible ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK and resulting hypovolemic shock
79
Q

Oclacitinib

(Apoquel)

A
  • Indicated for the treatment of pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis and the clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis in dogs.
  • Can possibly be used for dogs presenting with pruritis from food allergy in some cases
  • is an immunomodulator (a medicine that changes the activity of the immune system)
80
Q

Age of onset and Breed: Atopic Dermatitis

A
  • typically: 6m - 3years
  • breeds (depends on geography): GSD’s, bulldogs, Frenchies, Westies
  • CS’s: pruritis, rashes, ear infections
  • cats are more episodic
  • no sex predisposition
81
Q

Atopic Dermatitis

(Primary Skin Lesions)

A
  • may have none at all or often subtle
  • erythema or erythematous maculopapular (flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps) rash
  • lesion distribution varies between breeds
  • may see goggles around eyes from rubbing
  • chronic inflammation –> hyperpigmentation
  • atopic dermatitis makes animal susceptible to secondary infections
  • breed variation to how frequent the infections are
82
Q
A
  • Distribution of Lesions
  • Atopic Dermatitis
  • Age and individual affected, breed –> may not have ALL these
  • often ventral/abdominal distribution between breeds
  • English setters- tend to get massive pruritis on their feet!

Palmar and plantar aspect

Chew their feet or lick them!

83
Q

Ear Disease and Atopic Dermatitis

A
  • ears frequently affected in atopic dermatitis
  • Immunological Derangement & cutaneous abnormalities (skin barrier) –> Staph pseudintermedius/Malassezia pachydermatis infection –> skin lesions –> exacerbation of pruritis
  • -may get an exaggeration of the pruritis

May get secondary yeast infection affecting the feet and ears for example

84
Q
A

Marked redness and hyperpigmentation as a result of chronic inflammation

widespread erythema

hair loss is due to self trauma not the atopic dermatitis

Atopic Dermatitis

85
Q

Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis

(8)

A
86
Q

Management of Atopic Dermatitis (AD)

A
  • Avoidance
  • Immunotherapy
  • supportive
  • serology tests not well documented
  • big QoL issue!
87
Q

Presenting skin disease is glucocorticoid resistant…

A
  • think possibly scabies or Adverse food reaction dogs
  • but AFR dogs are less than a year/6mo. old
  • may see GIT issues with AFR dogs -increased defecation, flatulence, soft stools
  • note: some breeds maybe flatulent all the time though, get from Hx if that is normal!
88
Q

Most commonly implicated food allergies in dogs and cats

A
  • dogs: beef, dairy, chicken and wheat
  • cats: beef, dairy and fish
89
Q

ASIT

A

Allergen-specific Immunotherapy - 60-80% efficacy in horses but a lag period of several months is likely before benefit seen

90
Q

Pruritis with late age of onset

(important differential for Atopic Dermatitis presentation!)

A
  • Epitheliotropic lymphoma
  • keep in mind with itchy old dogs
  • may mimic diseases (scapbies, AD) but wont respond to immunotherapy, etc.
  • CS’s: exfoliative erythroderma, depigmentation, of nasal planum and paw pads
  • pad skin can be affected and plaques can become nodular
  • Dx by biopsy
91
Q

Dexamethasone

A
  • Dexamethasone is a type of corticosteroid medication. It is used in the treatment of many conditions, including rheumatic problems, a number of skin diseases, severe allergies, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, croup, brain swelling, and along with antibiotics in tuberculosis
  • good in skin disease cats that cannot be pilled!
92
Q

Doxorubicin

A
  • Doxorubicin is an anti-cancer drug that is classified as an anthracycline glycoside. It is used by veterinarians to treat a variety of cancers and tumors in veterinary patients.
  • ex: Mesenchymal Tumors that are high grade malignant/soft tissue sarcomas and HSA of SQ
  • bit of a “big gun” to use for tumors that arent high grade
  • bit more SE’s than Lomustine
  • most of the responses are PARTIAL - not full response - usualyl just an improvement in the situation
  • about 80% of dogs show a response to Lomustine treatment
93
Q

Epirubicin

A
  • Epirubicin is an anthracycline drug used for chemotherapy. It can be used in combination with other medications to treat cancer in patients who have had surgery to remove the tumor.
  • less cardiotoxic than Doxorubicin - better for patients with poor contractility
94
Q

Most common Round Cell Tumors of the Skin/SQ

(6)

4 main

A
95
Q

Histiocytomas

A
  • “button tumor”
  • young dogs mainly!
  • tumors of Langerhans cells - usually regress spontaneously - after CD8 T-cell infiltration (less than 3 months)
96
Q

Canine Mast Cell Tumors

A
  • common, and can look like anything!
  • NEED to FNA
  • diagnose on cytology: round cell pop with metachromatic granules in the cytoplasm
97
Q

The 2 grading schemes for Tumors

A
  • unfortunately most fall into the intermediate grade - so good to use the MI
  • Kiupel grading tries to cut out the intermediate grading
  • often really need a Hx to understand the prognosis for each patient with MCT’s especially
  • need to do minimum staging in all MCT cases (palpation and FNA of regional LN)
  • more complete staging in some MCT
98
Q

when to do MCT full staging?

A

systemic signs: vomiting, WL

99
Q

Lomustine

A
  • Lomustine is used to treat lymphoma and tumors of the central nervous system in dogs and cats.
  • It may be used to treat other forms of cancer as well.
  • Often the drug of choice for epitheliotrophic lymphoma and skin lymphomas - less SE’s
  • can be given in conjunction with prednisolone for any concurrent pruritis
100
Q

Masitinib

(Masivet)

A
  • Alternative Treatment for Epitheliotrophic Lymphoma second to Lomustine
  • actually licensed for the treatment of MCT’s
  • about a 70% RR in dogs (out of 10 dogs)
101
Q

COP/COAP Protocol

A
  • COP protocol for induction (combination protocol with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone) or COAP (same as COP plus cytosine arabinoside)
  • chemotherapy drugs
  • might use for a multicentric lymphoma
102
Q

L- Asparaginase

A
  • L-Asparaginase is a chemotherapy drug that’s used in veterinary medicine to help treat cats and dogs that are suffering from certain types of cancers known to affect the immune system, but predominantly in the treatment of lymphoma
  • $$$ drug!
103
Q

Fipronil Spray

A
  • Fipronil in Frontline preparation (132 mg in a 1.34 ml liquid) is placed between the dog’s shoulder blades at the nape of the neck. After application, fipronil spreads and sequesters in the lipids of the skin and hair follicles, and continues to be released onto the skin and coat, resulting in long-lasting activity against fleas and ticks.
  • Recommended Treatment for horses with Chorioptic Mange! (may need to repeat each month after infestation with Chorioptes Bovis)
  • also for equine lice infestation - which is also specific to the horse -> this species of lice is not contagious to other species (other options: pyrethroids (toxic to cats), systemic ivermectin -for sucking lice)
104
Q

Deosect

(zoetis)

A
  • A powerful and effective residual insecticide, Deosect, produced by Zoetis, is specially developed for the control of flies and lice on donkeys and horses. Sweet itch horses can be plagued by midges.
  • Not suitable for use on any animals for human consumption. POM-VPS
  • off label use for chorioptic mange in horses
  • cypermethrin
  • diluted, then sprayed/sponged on
105
Q

Hydroxyzine hydrochloride

Chlorpheniramine (Piriton)

Diphenhydramine

Trimeprazine

Cetirizine

A
  • anithistamines
  • for anti-inflammatory Tx in horses (allergic skin)
  • used alone or for steroid sparing effect
106
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants

A
  • used as symptomatic anti-inflammatory Tx in horses with allergic skin disease
  • may be of benefit by reducing sensitivity thresholds, potentiation of other antipruritic therapies and also antihistaminic effects (amitryptiline/Doxepin)
107
Q

Oatmeal Shampoos

A
  • The oatmeal shampoo is soothing and moisturising, and improves skin and coat quality
  • can be a symptomatic topical therapy for horses with allergic skin disease
  • may help remove some of the allergens
108
Q

Cortavance

(hydrocortisone aceponate)

A
  • Cortavance is sprayed directly onto the skin & is used to treat the symptoms of inflammatory & pruritic (itchy) skin conditions.
  • spray onto affected areas once daily until signs resolve, thereafter 3x weekly ongoing - NO SYSTEMIC ABSORPTION- this may allow horses to compete
109
Q

Nicotinamide

(Cavalesse, Janssen)

A
  • Nicotinamide has been shown to help balance the natural immune response of a horse, so helping to maintain a healthy skin in horses and ponies prone to allergies in spring and summer
  • The nicotinamide in Cavalesse has a number of beneficial actions on the skin, mainly;
  • Reduces the product of histamine
  • Improves the skin barrier by increasing the amount of natural fats in the skins surface
  • may aid in the management of sweet itch!
110
Q

Organophosphates

A
  • Sheep dipping with organophosphate or synthetic pyrethroid-based formulations is still widely used by farmers in the UK to control ectoparasites
  • AChE inhibition - highly toxic to all species (only Diazinon approved in the UK)
  • need to dispose of with a licensed contractor - Enzymatic Degredation Products - Languard OP-A
111
Q

Diazinon

A
  • Organophosphate Dip
  • treatment of Sheep Scab
  • only one licensed
  • AChE inhibitor
  • toxic to everything - need extra care with use
  • big environmental issue!
  • Landguard OP-A : red herring! -enzyme product that was supposed to degrade the dips, but seemed to be degrading them into only worse products and we didn’t really know what it is. Also, it is not going to change the rules of disposal anyways. Also not available anywhere in the world anyways!
112
Q

Acepromazine

A
  • Acepromazine, acetopromazine or acetylpromazine is a phenothiazine derivative antipsychotic drug.
  • is now almost exclusively used on animals as a sedative and antiemetic
  • Boxers may be sensitive to ACE
113
Q

Maropitant

(cerenia)

A
114
Q

Amantidine

A
115
Q

Dobutamine

A
  • Dobutamine is a medication used in the treatment of cardiogenic shock and severe heart failure.
  • It may also be used in certain types of cardiac stress tests. It is given by injection into a vein or intraosseous as a continuous infusion
116
Q

phenylephrine (an alpha 1 adrenergic agonist)

A
  • will increase blood pressure, but will decrease cardiac output and reduce blood flow to vital organs (including muscles).
  • It is only used to increase MAP in extreme circumstances where other methods have failed
  • to aid if sedation is too deep in extreme situations
117
Q

Phenylbutazone

(can be given IV)

A
  • NSAIDs are best given prior to surgery when they will help prevent inflammatory responses to the surgery.
  • Phenylbutazone is contraindicated considering the horse was given flunixin meglumine immediately prior to surgery, but if it had not had that, it would be reasonable to give
  • NSAIDs are not used by the intra-articular route (although possible suitable preparations for this route will become available in the future) .
  • Phenylbutazone (A NSAID) orally twice a day for 3 days is good post op analgesia for arthroscopies
118
Q

Pethidine

A
  • synthetic opioid pain medication of the phenylpiperidine class
  • pure mu agonist
  • It is best used in visceral pain (not orthopaedic) and requires a large volume to be injected which the horse may object to as it stings on injection.
119
Q

Toceranib (Palladia)

and

Masitinib (Masitinib)

A
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitors
  • useful in treating Mast Cell Tumors with possible KIT gene mutations –> alter proliferation of the tumor
  • Oclacitinib is a JANUS- kinase inhibitor –> used to treat pruritis and inflammation
120
Q

Omeprazole, Sucralfate

A

Gut protectants

  • can aid in patients with adverse SE’s to chemotherapy
121
Q

Loperamide

A

Loperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium, among others, is a medication used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea.

122
Q

Sulfasalazine

A
  • Sulfasalazine, sold under the trade name Azulfidine among others, is a medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease.
  • It is considered by some to be a first line treatment in rheumatoid arthritis.
123
Q

Mirtazapine, cyproheptadine

A
  • appetite stimulants
  • can be used to aid patients with adverse SE’s (anorexia) to chemotherapy
124
Q

Dexrazoxane

A
  • free radical scavenger, helps minimize damage of Doxorubicin extravasation!
  • Doxorubicin can also lead to cardiotoxicity (dysrhythmias/cardiomyopathy) - give over 20-30 min and take care of pre-existing heart conditions
  • doxorubicin is also possibly nephrotoxic in cats (SE)!
125
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A
  • -chemotherapeutic drug
  • can lead to hemorrhagic cystitis
  • prevention: lots of fluids, access to urinate, furosemide, avoid long courses
  • Treatment: analgesia, oxybutinin (antispasmodic), DMSO
126
Q

Cisplatin

A

platinum drug for chemotherapy

  • Cisplatin causes fatal pulmonary oedema
  • where as Fluorouracil (5-FU) causes neurotoxicity
127
Q

Prochlorperazine

A
  • thought to be helpful for its antiemetic properties. As rabbits are unable to vomit, efficacy is hard to assess, but reducing nausea in these cases may improve demeanour and appetite
128
Q

Steroids and rabbits

A
  • can be often contraindicated as they are so senisitive to steroids!
  • not proven to have any beneficial effect in vestibular disease in rabbits and may in fact be contraindicated as rabbits appear sensitive to the immunosuppressive side effects of steroids