Drugs Flashcards
All of the random ones and what they treat
Metaclopromide
- Metoclopramide is a prescription medication used to treat nausea, vomiting, and reflux disease in dogs and cats.
- Metoclopramide is also used to treat post-operative nausea and vomiting and to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy
- Post GDV Sx Dogs to promote gastric motility - continuous rate infusion preferable in this case
- can be used as a gut stimulant for rabbits, but is not very helpful in hindgut stasis (little or no effect on colonic motility) - works on oesophagus, stomach and SI
Primidone
- This medication is used alone or with other medications to control seizures
- chronic liver toxicity
Sulphonamides
- antimicrobials
- Sulfonamides are therefore bacteriostatic and inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria, but do not kill them.
- can lead to chronic liver toxicity
Paracetamol
- mild analgesic and antipyretic
- Cats are extremely sensitive toparacetamol toxicity. The feline toxic dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg. One regular strength tablet may be toxic to a cat, and a second ingested 24 hours later may be lethal. The signs of toxicity are brown gums, difficulty breathing, blood in the urine, jaundice and swelling
- liver toxicity in cats
Ursodeoxycholic acid
- indicated in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and for the dissolution of radiolucent gallstones in patients with a functioning gall bladder.
- used particularly in jaundiced cats
- most common cause of jaundiced cats in the US is hepatic lipidosis
Anti-fibrotic
- medication that stops the action of TGF-β, reducing the amount of fibrosis. Initially developed to treat idiopathic pulmonaryfibrosis (IPF), pirfenidone has been shown to be safe and effective in treating lungfibrosis in scleroderma patients
- Possible treatment for Liver Disease
Diazepam
- Sedative
- may lead to acute hepatopathies in cats
Phenobarbitone
- Phenobarb (phenobarbitone) belongs to a group of medicines called barbiturates.
- It is used to stop convulsions and induce sleep
- potential to cause acute hepatopathies
Carprofen
- NSAID
- can lead to acute hepatopathies in dogs (esp. Labs)
SAM-e
(S- adenosyl L- methionine)
- S-Adenosyl methionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation. Although these anabolic reactions occur throughout the body, most SAM-e is produced and consumed in the liver
- used to help treat some hepatic disease cases
Benzodiazepines
- sedative drugs
- Avoid in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy- act on the same receptors as the toxins do in horses
Mannitol
- Mannitol is a diuretic used to force urine production in people with acute (sudden) kidney failure.
- Mannitol injection is also used to reduce swelling and pressure inside the eye or around the brain
- can be used to reduce cerebral oedema in patients (horses) with Hepatic Encephalopathy as a result of liver disease
Flunixin
- A potent, non-narcotic, non-steroidal, analgesic drug with anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activity.
- In cattle, Flunixin Injection is indicated for the control of pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease and endotoxemia and acute bovine mastitis.
- In horses, Flunixin Injection is recommended for the alleviation of inflammation and pain of musculoskeletal disorders and for the alleviation of visceral pain associated with colic
- Also indicated in treating inflammatory causes of hepatic disease in horses
- also used for the treatment of pleural pneumonia causing pleural effusion in horses
Cyclosporine
- Cyclosporine (Atopica) is a potent systemic immunosuppressant that may cause the susceptibility to infection and the development of neoplasia
- may be used to help treat some skin conditions - ex: block lymphocytes mediated autoimmune disease –> leading to fibrosis of the hair follicles
Amitraz
(aludex shampoo)
- 6 treatments is one of the more suitable options for a dog with Sarcoptic Mange
- Amitraz is a formamidine antiparasitic agent commonly used in small animals to treat demodicosis and ascarids
- Amitraz has rapid action on the control of animal ectoparasites, such as mites, ticks, kids, etc., and it persists on hair and wool long enough to control all stages of the parasites.
- In veterinary medicine, the most common use of amitraz is in tick collars, which contains 9% amitraz as an active ingredient.
- A collar for a large size dog contains 2.4 g of amitraz(Hugnet et al., 1996). Amitraz is available as a 19.9% topical solution for dogs
- Active Ingredient in Aludex shampoo
- Demodex mange
- Sarcoptic Mange
Imidacloprid/Moxidentin
(Advocate)
- kills fleas, lice, mites and worms
- Dogs: Fleas, Biting lice, ear mites, sarcoptic mange, demodicosis, heartworm, microfiliariae, dirofilariosis, angiostrongylosis, nematodes
- Cats: Fleas, ear mites, notoedric mange, heartworm, nematodes
- Ferret: Fleas, heartworm
- not for puppies less than 7 weeks and kittens less than 9 weeks
Lime Sulfur Dip
- Lime SULFUR DIP is a sulfurated lime solution which not only kills mites and other parasites it also works against fungi and bacteria. It smells like rotten eggs but it is easy to use, very effective and affordable. It is an ideal mange control solution for breeds such as collies that cannot be given ivermectin
- +steroids - best treatment for demodectic mange
IGR spray
- used to help control the environment
- kills fleas (adult, larvae and eggs)
- IGR prevents moulting
- Labelled use: flea control
Selamectin
(stronghold)
- Fleas, lice, mites and worms
- Labelled use: flea control and treatment, ear mites, sarcoptes, biting lice, heart worm, roundworms
- Dogs, cats and ferrets
Imidacloprid
(advantage)
- kills fleas and lice
- Prevention and treatment of fleas
- biting lice (dogs)
- Species: dogs, cats and rabbits
- spot on
- speed of kill: fleas - 24 hours
Furalaner
(bravecto)
- kills fleas and ticks
- Labelled use: treat fleas, Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus
- cats and dogs
- Chewable Tablets: absorption improved with feeding (dogs)
- Spot on: cats and dogs
*
Indoxacarb
(activyl)
- spot on treatment for fleas and ticks
- dogs and cats
Sarolaner
(simparica)
- kills fleas, ticks and mites
- labelled use: fleas, ixodes, dermacentor, Rhipicephalus
- Sarcoptes, Domodex, Otodectes
- DOGS ONLY
- Chewable tablets
- Faster than NexGuard and Bravecto
- treatments for fleas lasts 5 weeks
Nitenypram
(Capstar)
- kills adult fleas
- Labelled use: treat fleas
- Species: dogs and cats
- Oral tablets
Spinosad
(comfortis)
- tetracyclic macrolide
- target nACH receptor
- treat fleas
- Species: Dogs and cats
- administration: oral tablets
- should not be given in combination with ivermectin
- vomiting in dogs and cats
Afoxolaner + Milbemycin
(NexGard Spectra)
- kills fleas, ticks and some nematodes
- treat fleas, Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus, Heart worm, roundworm, hook worm, whipworm
- does not cover for Tapeworm!
- Dogs only
- Similar properties to Nexguard with administration, kill, etc.
Afoxolaner
(NexGuard)
- kills fleas and ticks
- Treat fleas, Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus
- Dogs Only
- Chewable tablets
- Works faster than Bravecto
- Fleas = 5 weeks
- Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus = 4 weeks
Sarmazenil
- partial inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonist
- is a drug from the benzodiazepine family. It acts as a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors,[1] meaning that it causes the opposite effects to most benzodiazepine drugs, and instead acts as an anxiogenic and convulsant
Metronidazole
- AB
- good treatment option for Acute Liver Failure in horses for anaerobic bacteria coverage
- Metronidazole is used to treat protozoal infections in dogs and cats including Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, and Balantidium.
- It also is used to treat anaerobic bacterial infections. Metronidazole has immune-modulating activity and may be prescribed to treat inflammatory bowel disease.
- Metronidazole is commonly used in horses to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria or protozoa, and is considered accepted practice within veterinarymedicine
Cisapride
- Metoclopramide HCl is an antiemetic and GI stimulatory drug, whose mechanism of action is not well understood.
- Stimulation of the serotonin receptors increases acetylcholine release in the enteric nervous system.
- Best option for hingut fermentor stasis
- oesophagus, SI, stomach, colon
- more potent than metaclopramide
Cholestyramine
- a medication primarily prescribed to lower cholesterol.
- However, because of its effects on bile acid, it sometimes is prescribed as a treatment for chronic cases of diarrhea.
- bind to enterotoxins in Small Mammal D+ cases
Glucocorticoids and their Dosing range for SA’s
(Atopic Dermatitis and Anti-Inflammatory Dose)
Dopram
- Doxapram hydrochloride (marketed as Dopram, Stimulex or Respiram) is a respiratory stimulant.
- Administered intravenously, doxapram stimulates an increase in tidal volume, and respiratory rate
- Can be used to aid in the resuscitation of neonates (C-section)
Dexamethasone
- Dexamethasone is a powerful glucocorticoid that is used in veterinary medicine to treat a very wide range of conditions, from inflammation to autoimmune diseases.
- Dexamethasone is similar to cortisone, a naturally-occurring hormone produced by the adrenal gland.
- Used in farm (sheep and cattle) to induce parturition by acting as fetal cortisol and influencing oestrogen: progesterone levels
- can induce them in 48-72 hours
Fecundin
Androvax (sheep)
Ovastim (sheep)
- dextran adjuvant to increase the ovulation rate in a ewe
- immunisation against androstenedione to remove negative feedback on the hypothalamus & pituitary which then increases FSH concentrations
- more recruitment of follicles leading to a higher ovulation rate
- one injection will often do the trick!
Vaxstrate (calves)
Equity (horses)
Gonacon (deer)
IMPROVAC (boar taint)
- Immunization against GnRH
- inhibits production of gonadotrophins, LH/FSH & gonadal steroids
- reduces testicular size and function
- AImed to control aggression and reduce male-associated odors
- to also lower the growth rate in male calves
SpayVac
- used in different species including wildlife as a fertilization prevention - population control
- Zone Pellucida Protein antibodies
- stops sperm binding
Cypermethrin
- Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer products for domestic purposes.
- It behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects.
- Used in equine medicine for louse infestations
Metricure
(cephalosporin)
- Intra-uterine antibiotic infusion (cephapirin) for the treatment of subacute and chronic endometritis in cows and repeat breeders.
- Metricure is indicated for the treatment of subacute and chronic endometritis in cows (at least 14 days after parturition) caused by bacteria sensitive to cephapirin.
- If chronic lesions are present & fail to respond to treatment - intrauterine infusion with Pevidine Iodine (antiseptic?)
Acepromazine
(ACP)
- Acepromazine maleate is a phenothiazine derivative that is used as a neuroleptic agent in veterinary medicine.
- Mares: sedation and prolactin release
- It is a commonly used tranquilizer for dogs, cats, and horses. (PRE-MED)
- Phenothiazines decrease dopamine levels and depress some portions of the reticular activating system
- Can be use in male horses with a hemorrhagic complication after castration to lower BP and flow to the testicular artery - emergency intervention
- AVOID USE IN COLTS- can lead to paraphimosis
Regumate
- Regumate Equine is used to control oestrus (“heat”) in mares. It is supplied as a liquid to be given directly into the mouth, or added to a small amount of food. It can be given daily to a mare early in her season and usually within 3 days it will stop that oestrus.
- Regumate can continue to be given once daily afterwards to prevent the return to oestrus (or attempt to maintain a pregnancy with an affected or bad CL)
- When daily dosing stops, 95% of mares will show signs of returning to oestrus within 5 days
Clenbuterol
- muscle relaxant
- Horse Dystocia - Muscle relaxants such as clenbuterol, Clenbuterol hydrochloride, may be an alternative; they are effective but it also takes some time for their full action. Clenbuterol competes with the physiological effect of oxytocin during parturition.
- Clenbuterol is a steroid-like chemical that was initially developed to treat asthma in horses, working by relaxing the airways in the animals’ lungs
- The drug is both a decongestant and a bronchodilator. A decongestant thins the blood to reduce blood pressure while a bronchodilator widens the vessels that carry oxygen, so the volume of oxygen in the blood increases
- Clenbuterol stimulates both the heart and central nervous system
- It is also a beta-2-agonist, which is the opposite of a beta-blocker. While a beta-blocker will reduce the production of epinephrine and noradrenaline, clenbuterol increases it.
Furosemide
- Loop Diuretic
- Most widely used treatment of diuretic in HF
- Used in combination with Spironolactone if patient becomes refractory to furosemide
- cannot take these patients off diuretics indefinitely!
- start at 1-2 mg/kg orally 2-3 times a day
- can help with HCM cats as well in CHF (treat to effect to get breathing normally)- can improve in about 90min!
- some use on racehorses in cases of aiding EIPH -to reduce pulmonary capillary pressures - but Horses CANNOT race on Furosemide in the UK (can in the US)
Turasemide
- Loop Diuretic for HF treatment
- deemed as effective or more than Pimobendan
- might be more $$
Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide
- Thiazide Diuretics that work on DCT
- second line treatment for HF patients
Spironolactone, Amiloride
- block action of aldosterone
- Potassium Sparing Diuretics used for HF treatment
- used in conjunction with Pimobendan and ACEI for MVD dogs (evidence based treatment)
Glyceryl Trinitrate
- Venodilator used for HF patients
- reduce preload
- percutaneously administered ointment or cutaneous patches
Nitropusside, ACEI, Pimobendan, Amlodipine
- Balanced Vasodilators
- act on the arteries AND veins
- Nitropusside only used in emergency setting in ICU
- used to reduce preload and afterload in HF patients
- ACEI (lower ANg II production)
- Pimobendan (ionotropinc and arteriodilator)
- Amlodopine (calcium channel blocker, now used in cats as anti- hypertensive drug)
- also xanthines and alpha blockers
Pimobendan
- Positive Ionotropic Drug and arteriodilator
- increases troponin senistivity to Ca2+ (binding for actin/myosin of cardiac cells)
- also a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (increase cAMP levels in cardiac muscle –> increase contractility)
- shown to be effective and not lead to earlier death by overworked myocardium!
- Evidence based treatment for MVD and DCM
- may be good for HCM cats with systolic dysfunction in refractory CHF: but, should not be given to cats with dynamic LVOT obstruction
Dobutamine
- short term emergency care for systolic failure
- has to be given by constant rate infusion
- positive ionotrope
- may overwork the myocardium!
Digoxin
- positive ionotrope
- used as an anti-arrhythmic now in dogs with atrial fibrillation
- used to be a top ionotropic drug before pimobendan
- lowers HR and sympathetic tone