Drugs

Question 1

4-aminopyridine

Answer 1

Fast potassium channel blocker that has been shown to improve axonal conduction of demyelinated fibers
Greatest affinity for Kv1.5 potassium channel
MOA in restoring peacemaking activity of purkinje cells

Question 2

Phenobarbital

Answer 2

Increasing neuronal responsiveness to GABA, antiglutamate effects, and decreasing calcium flow into neurons

Question 3

Bromide

Answer 3

Hyperpolarizes the neuronal membrane after traversing chloride channels

Question 4

Benzodiazepines

Answer 4

Enhance GABA effects in the brain

Question 5

Felbamate

Answer 5

Interfering with voltage gated sodium channels, antagonizing NMDA preferring glutamate receptors, and interfering with the binding of glycine

Question 6

Gabapentin and pregabalin

Answer 6

Main MOA through inhibition of voltage gated neuronal calcium channels via specific binding of the drug to the alpha2delta-subunit of these channels. The inhibition of calcium flow reduces release of excitatory neurotransmitters including glutamate, noradrenaline, and substance P

Question 7

Zonisamide

Answer 7

Blockage of T-type calcium and voltage gated sodium channels and binding to the chloride channel associated with GABA

Question 8

Levetiracetam

Answer 8

Pyrrolidine-based
Main MOA specific binding to SV2A
Neuroprotective
Anti-kindling

Question 9

Topiramate

Answer 9

Sulfamate substituted monosaccharide thought to work on multiple cell signaling mechanisms including enhancing GABAergic activity, inhibition of mainstream-evokes currents, and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes

Question 10

Imepition

Answer 10

Imidazolinone derivative that is a low affinity partial agonist at the benzodiazepine site of GABAa receptors

Question 11

Tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 11

Imipramine, protryptaline, amitryptaline

Block cellular NE reuptake in CNS

Imipramine also blocks serotonin reuptake

Question 12

SSRI

Answer 12

Fluoxetine

Blocks serotonin reuptake

Question 13

Selegiline

Answer 13

Monismine oxidase B inhibitor that increases CNS dopamine levels

Question 14

Procainamide and mexilitine

Answer 14

Na channel blockers

Myokymia and neuromyotonia

Question 15

Chlorpromazine

Answer 15

Phenothiazine derivative

Effects at D2 dopaminergic, M1 cholinergic, and a2 adrenergic receptors

Motion sickness

Question 16

Antihistamines

Answer 16

Diphenhydramine, meclizine

Also some anticholinergic effects

Question 17

Maropitant

Answer 17

MOA through antagonism of NK1 receptor which bind substance P at the emetic center and in particular at afferent inputs from the vestibular apparatus and cerebral cortex to the nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 18

Bethanechol

Answer 18

Parasympathomimetic used to facilitate detrusor muscle contraction in moth UMN and LMN bladder dysfunction

Question 19

Diazepam for bladder

Answer 19

Relaxing effect on striated muscle and is used to relax the external urethral sphincter in patients with UMN bladder dysfunction.
May also promote relaxation of the EUS by stimulating GABAergic inhibitory interneurons in the sacral spinal cord

Question 20

Phenoxybenzamine

Answer 20

Alpha adrenergic antagonist that is used to decrease tone in the IUS. Mostly used with UMN bladder dysfunction but may be used in LMN cases

Question 21

Prazosin

Answer 21

Alpha1 antagonism for smooth muscle relaxation

Question 22

Phenylpropanolamine

Answer 22

Mixed adrenergic agonist (Beta sympathomimetic) that increases the tone of the IUS

Mostly used in hormone related incontinence

Question 23

Metoclopramide and cisapride for bladder

Answer 23

Increase detrusor contractility due to cholinergic activity

Question 24

Propranolol for bladder

Answer 24

Beta adrenergic agonist

Increase detrusor contractility

Question 25

Tamsulosin

Answer 25

Alpha adrenergic antagonist

High affinity for alpha 1A receptors in urethra

Question 26

Baclofen

Answer 26

Spinal reflex inhibiting drug that acts by decreasing activity of spinal cord motor neurons and interneurons

Decreases urethral resistance

Not recommended

Question 27

Dantrolene

Answer 27

Muscle relaxant that antagonizes calcium release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum

Relaxes EUS

Question 28

Acetazolamide

Answer 28

Stimulates the release of insulin and glucagon which promotes the movement of K ions into muscle cells

Question 29

Dantrolene sodium

Answer 29

Blocks calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Malignant hyperthermia

Question 30

Edrophonium chloride

Answer 30

Ultrashort acting anticholinesterase agent

Question 31

Azathioprine

Answer 31

Cytotoxic antimetabolite that interferes with DNA synthesis
Reduces lymphocyte numbers and consequently Ig production
Specifically inhibits Tcell production

Question 32

Cyclosporine

Answer 32

Blocks the transcription of genes required for Tcell activation notably those encoding immunoregulatory cytokines including IL-2

Question 33

Mycophenolate mofetil

Answer 33

Inhibitor of purine synthesis in both T and B lymphocytes

Interferes with lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation of Tc cells, and antibody responses

Question 34

Leflunomide

Answer 34

Inhibits T and B cell proliferation, suppresses Ig production, and interferes with cell adhesion

Question 35

Cyclophosphamide

Answer 35

Cytotoxic alkylation haven’t that crosslinks DNA, disrupting nucleic acid function and inhibiting cell proliferation