Drugs Flashcards
Betalactams (6) and examples
Bactericide antibiotics:
- penicillins
- cephalosporins
- monobactams
- carbapenems
- clavulanic acid
Peniciliins
- bactericide antibiotic
- betalactam
- cross BBB
- cross placenta but still safe
cephalosporins
- bactericide antibiotic
- betalactam
- cross BBB
- cross placenta but still safe
- parenteral/oral
- 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid group
monobactams
- bactericide antibiotic
- betalactam]
- cross BBB
- cross placenta but still safe
carbapenems
- bactericide antibiotic
- betalactam
- cross BBB
- cross placenta but still safe
Clavulanic acid
- oral/IV
- inhibits gram positive and negative
- associated with amoxicillin
- bactericide antibiotic
- betalactamase inhibitor
- cross BBB
- cross placenta but still safe
Drugs that cross BBB
-betalactams
What are the natural penicillins?
- PENICILLIN G (IM, IV)
- PENICILLIN G PROCAINE (IM) —long effect 4-5 days.
- PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE (IM)—long effect 26 days.
- PENICILLIN V (ORAL)—Resistant to acid degradation.
Penicillin G (4)
- bactericide antibiotic
- natural penicillin
- gram + cocci (EXCEPT S. aureus)
- gram + bacillus
PENICILLIN G PROCAINE (6)
- bactericide antibiotic
- natural penicillin
- gram + cocci (EXCEPT S. aureus)
- gram + bacillus
- (IM)
- long effect 4-5 days.
PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE
- bactericide antibiotic
- natural penicillin
- gram + cocci (EXCEPT S. aureus)
- gram + bacillus
- (IM)
- long effect 26 days.
PENICILLIN V (ORAL)
- bactericide antibiotic
- natural penicillin
- gram + cocci (EXCEPT S. aureus)
- gram + bacillus
- resistant to acid degradation
What are the penicillinase resistant drugs? (2)
- CLOXACILLIN (ORAL, PARENTERAL)
- METHICILLIN
CLOXACILLIN
- bactericide antibiotic
- penicillinase resistant
- works on staphylococcus
- oral and parenteral
METHICILLIN
- bactericide antibiotic
- penicillinase resistant
- works on staphylococcus
What are the aminopenicillins drugs?
- amoxicillin
- ampicillin
- expand spectrum to gram
- Gram + cocci EXCEPT s. aureus
- Gram Bacillus EXCEPT Pseudomona
Amoxicillin
- bactericide antibiotic
- aminopenicillin
- expand spectrum to gram
- Gram + cocci EXCEPT s. aureus
- Gram Bacillus EXCEPT Pseudomona
Ampicillin
- bactericide antibiotic
- aminopenicillin
- expand spectrum to gram
- Gram + cocci EXCEPT s. aureus
- Gram Bacillus EXCEPT Pseudomona
Piperacillin (4)
- bacericide antibiotic
- Antipseudomonas penicillins
- gram negative bacillus
- parenteral
Ticarcillin (4)
- bacericide antibiotic
- Antipseudomonas penicillins
- gram negative bacillus
- parenteral
Clavulanic acid (4)
- bacericide antibiotic
- pencillins
- betalactamase inhibitor
- amoxicillin-clavulanate
- oral, IV
Sulbactam
- bacericide antibiotic
- pencillins
- betalactamase inhibitor
- ampicillin- sulbactam
- parenteral, IV, IM
Tazobactam
- IV
- bacericide antibiotic
- pencillins
- betalactamase inhibitor
- piperacillin-tazobactam
- parenteral
cefadroxil
-oral every 12hrs
-first generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
cefazolin
-first generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
cefalexin
-oral
-first generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
cefaclor
-oral
-second generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
cefoxitin
-second generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
cefuroxime
-oral
-second generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
cefotaxime
-third generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
ceftriaxone
-every 24hrs
-biliary elimination
-third generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
cefixime
-oral
-third generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
ceftazidime
-antipseudomonal
-third generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
cefepime
-fourth generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
ceftaroline
-fifth generation cephalosporin
-7-aminocephalosporanic
acid group (beta lactam + dihydrothiazine)
-bactericide antibiotic
-betalactam
-cross BBB
-cross placenta but still safe
-parenteral/oral
imipenem
- Carbapenem
- renal dipeptidase metabolism
- Gram positive and Gram negative aerobic + anaerobic
- works against baceroides fragilis
- serious nosocomial infections
- seizures
Meropenem
carbapenem
ertapenem
carbapenem
aztreonam
- monobactam
- gram negative aerobic (enterobacteriaceae + pseudomonas)
- alternative to aminoglycosides
- parenteral
- no cross reactivity with penicillins or cephalosporins
Bactericide antibiotics
- BETALACTAMS
- AMINOGLYCOSIDES
- QUINOLONES
- GLYCOPEPTIDES
Aminoglycosides
- Enterobacteria, P. aeruginosa and Gram negative (esp. pseudomonas)
- used on bacteria often resistant to other antibiotics
- bactericide
- inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting RNA by binding to 30s ribosome
- NO activity against anaerobic
- synergistic effect with beta-lactam
- low oral absorption
- IV, IM
- NOT metabolized
- Postantibiotic effect
Gentamicin
- Aminoglycoside
- Parenteral
Tobramycin
- Aminoglycoside
- Parenteral
Amikacin
- Aminoglycoside
- Parenteral
Streptomycin
- Aminoglycoside
- Parenteral
- Tuberculosis
- I.M.
Neomycin
- Aminoglycosides
- oral administration
- treats hepatic encephalopathy
- reduces ammonia produces by bacteria
Parommomycin
- Aminoglycosides
- oral administration
- active against entamoeba histolytica
Quinolones
- Dihydroquinolein ring
- Postantibiotic effect
- Bactericide
- inhibit DNA gyrase
- all gram negative
- 3rd and 4th against gram positive
- food delays absorption
- cross placenta and eliminated in breast milk
- affect growth plates in children
NALIDIXIC ACID
- Quinolones
- 1st generation
PIPEMIDIC ACID
- Quinolones
- 1st generation
NORFLOXACIN
- Quinolones
- 2nd generation
- hepatic and renal elimination
CIPROFLOXACIN
- Quinolones
- 2nd generation
- antipseudomonal activity
- hepatic and renal elimination
LEVOFLOXACIN
- Quinolones
- 3rd generation
- gram negative and positive
- renal elimination (active)
MOXIFLOXACIN
- Quinolones
- 4th generation
- gram negative and positive
- only generation against anaerobic bacteria
- renal elimination (active)
Bacteriostatic Drugs
- inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50s bacterial ribosome
5. Lincosamides
6. Macrolides
7. Tetracyclines
8. Aminophenols
9. Rifamycins
Macrolides
- lactone ring
- bacteriostatic
- not teratogenic (useful in pregnancy)
- low toxicity
- Gram positive (not staphylococcus) aerobic and anaerobic
- mycoplasma, chlamydia
- do NOT cross BBB
erythromycin
- Macrolides
- inactivated by low gastric pH (coated tablets)
- hepatic metabolism (P450)
- biliary clearance
- 14 C ring
- 6-8hrs
clarithromycin
- Macrolides
- twice the bioavailability of erythromycin
- hepatic metabolism
- renal elimination
- 14 C ring
- 12 hrs
azithromycin
- Macrolides
- 1.5 the bioavailability of erythromycin
- hepatic metabolism (P450)
- biliary clearance
- 15 C ring
- 24hrs
Spiramycin
- Macrolides
- 16 C ring
- 6-8hrs
Lincomycin
- Lincosamides
- produced by the fungus Streptomyces lincolnensis
- inhibits protein syntehsis by binding to 50s ribosomal subunit
Clindamycin
- Lincosamides
- gram positive anaerobic
- some protozoa
- NOT against gram negative
Ethanol (5)
antiseptic/disinfectant alcohol 70%
- bactericidal
- doesnt work well with viruses
- NO activity with fungi
- CANT disinfect surgical instruments
Isopropyl (5)
antiseptic/disinfectant alcohol
- bactericidal
- doesnt work well with viruses
- NO activity with fungi
- CANT disinfect surgical instruments
Formaldehyde (4)
Aldehyde Disinfectant
- used on surgical instruments
- Broad spectrum (including spores)
- irritating on body
Hydrogen peroxide (3)
oxidizing antiseptic/disinfectant
- anaerobic bacteria
- low potency 3%
Chlorine
Chlorinated compound antiseptic/disinfectant
- bacteria, fungi, viruses, protazoa
- purified drinking water
Chloramine
Chlorinated compound antiseptic/disinfectant
-disinfects surgical equipment
Chlorhexidine
Biguanides antiseptic.disinfectant
- broad spectrum
- less absorption in skin, less toxicity
- 0.12% mouthwash, 0.2% oral antiseptic
- Stains teeth
- surgical prep, pre-op skin prep, washing and brushing
Povidone iodine
Iodinated compound antiseptic/disinfectant