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Drugs and Behaviour > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

When a bug eats a xanthine what is produced

A

Octopamine

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2
Q

Octopamine is what

A

a natural pestacide, it kills bugs and not humans

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3
Q

methylxanthines founds in plants:

A

coffe, tea, yerba mate, guarna, kola nut, cocao

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4
Q

Yerba mate is similar to ____ and Guarna is similar to ______

A

brewing tea; brewing coffee

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5
Q

Caffeine content in Guarna is ____ x more than in coffeee

A

2

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6
Q

Guarna also contains

A

theophylline and theobromine

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7
Q

Tea dates back to _____

A

2737 BC

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8
Q

First tea shipment to Canada

A

Hudson Bay Company in 1700

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9
Q

1633 Sultan Murad and coffee ban

A

2nd time in a coffee house they were to have their head sewn in a leather bag and thrown in a river

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10
Q

Caffeine in Starbs

A

180, 260, 330

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11
Q

Canadians drink ____ soda a day and US drinks _______

A

85L (1can) and 216 (3cans)

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12
Q

_____ caffeine is added into soft drinks

A

95%

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13
Q

Caffeine BL reach in about ____ , reaching peak at _____ and peak CNS _____

A

30-60 min, 1 hour, 2 hour

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14
Q

Half life of caffeine

A

5 hours

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15
Q

Caffeine is an antagonist at _______ receptors

A

Adenosine - which surpresses nural activity - does not actually do an activity

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16
Q

Lethal dose and toxification dose

A

200 mg/kg and 600mg

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17
Q

Caffeine does not develop tolerance on

A

no sleeping effects

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18
Q

does caffeine create withdrawal symptoms and PD?

A

Yes - most common is headache

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19
Q

SH were originally designed for medical uses -

A

relieving anxiety, sleep, seizures

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20
Q

MOST SH __________ unwanted side effects

A

depress CNS, induce sleep (SOPORIFIC EFFECT) and dull awareness (hypnotic)

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21
Q

Early SH

A
  • pottassium bromise, chloral hydrate, paraldehyde
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22
Q

Potassium Bromide

A

calming and soothing effects, until recently was used in meds (from 1800s) discontinued because of its toxicity

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23
Q

Bromoseltzer

A

alcohol hangover remedy because mimmics alcohol

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24
Q

Potassium BROMIDE TOXICITY

A

bromide is slowly excreted by kidneys, half life 12 days, symptoms: impaired thought/memory, delerium, hallucinations, mania and coma

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25
Q

Chloral Hydrate

A
  • MM and Anna Nicole Smith death - combined with alcohol to make KNOCKOUT DROPS or MICKEY FINNS (date rape), Evidence in Journal of inebrity
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26
Q

Paraldehyde

A

Alc withdrawal - similar effects of alcohol but tastes bad - people prefer alcohol and a large percentage is expiredV VIA lungs

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27
Q

Barbituates were synthesized by

A

Adolph Van Bayer in 1864

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28
Q

Barbituates OG consisted of

A

molnic acid and urea

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29
Q

Said to come from formation on

A

St barbras day or a munich waitress who contributed her urine

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30
Q

1st modification of barbituric acid

A

BARBITAL - VERONAL after the peachful and calm city verona, had long onset and duration

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31
Q

Long lasting barb

A

Onset: 1 hour, Duration: atleast 6 hours - PHENOBARB, tablet, liquid or capsul

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32
Q

Int barb

A

Onset: 30 min, Duraction: 4-6 hours, AMOBARBITAL AKA truth serum

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33
Q

Short acting barb

A

onset: 15 min, duration: 1-4 hours, PENTO OR SEC

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34
Q

ULTRA SHORT Barb

A

onset: seconds, duration about 5 minutes hexobarbital and thiopental

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35
Q

why were barbs made illlegal

A
  • more produced than people after HYGIAs second article about the abuse of barbs
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36
Q

Peak of barbs

A

1950’s-60’s then taken over BEN

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37
Q

typical abuser of barb

A

middle (30-50), middle/upper class females

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38
Q

COLOURS:

A

Amo - blue, pento - yellow, seco - red, tunical - red and blue

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39
Q

Ultra short: propofol

A

anasthetic, milk of amnesia, small TI, onet: 1 min, duration: 10

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40
Q

What did MJ OD on

A

propofol and bennies

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41
Q

What happens when you combine barbs and alcohol

A
  • act synergistically, multiplicative manner
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42
Q

Neurochem effects of barbs

A
  1. enhance inhib actions of GABA
  2. decrease glutamate
  3. reinforcing and rewarding is less clear
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43
Q

Tolerance of barbs?

A

yes, to almost all effects –> behavioural impairing, sleep inducing, reinforcing and lethal (lethal faster than others) increase chance of OD

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44
Q

Is there PD in Barbs?

A

YES, similar with those in alcohol - hypotension, fainting, tremours, muscular faschilations, anorezia, weight loss, confusion, delusion, hallucinations

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45
Q

How many deaths can occur from barb withdrawal?

A

5% death rate

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46
Q

most sought after

A

seconal and tunical

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47
Q

___ % pregnancies were barb exposed

A

10

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48
Q

rats exposed to barbs in early gest periods

A

abnormal neural and biochemical differentiation of the CNS, deficits in learning, delayed milestones, and alteration in behavioural and physiological sex differences

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49
Q

are drug exposed males less active in open field boxes than females?

A
  • no they are more active than non-exposed females

- preexposed rates similar to that of non-exposed females

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50
Q

Latency period for exposed male barb rats?

A

exposed M rodents exhibit shorter latency periods than male control and are not different from unexposed F

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51
Q

Disrupted sex behaviour in M rates

A
  • loridosis - female sex position, fewer ejaculations etc.
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52
Q

Studies in babies born with barb moms in humans show

A

delayed puberty, undescended testies, cross gender identities, M AND F showed lower IQ

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53
Q

Methaquaalone (Quaalaude) original use

A

Malarial - noticed it produced heroin type experience,

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54
Q

in 1970 lude increased by

A

360%

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55
Q

lude PD and w.drawal symptoms

A

similar to barbs

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56
Q

death of celebs on ludes

A

elvis, jimi hendrix, guy from the stones

57
Q

Propendiols OG use

A

to fight of anti-bacterial penacillin but provided a soothing effect - muscle relaxation from which could easily be aroused (good for anxiety and no side effects)

58
Q

First propendiol produced

A

meph carbamate - rapidly metabolized and short lasting - not good for anxiety

59
Q

meprobramate

A
  • first durg to be associated with tranquilizer, ideal anxioltic, but high abuse potential - lethal dose was very high compared to TD (better than barbs)
60
Q

Benz

A

primary anti-axiety, also used for sleep

61
Q

first benz

A

librium (chlordiazepoxide)

62
Q

most well known benz

A

diazapam (valium)

63
Q

long lasting benz

A

long lasting metabolites (primary for diazapam is nordiazapam)

64
Q

half life of noradiazapam

A

60 hours

65
Q

intermediate benz

A

lorazapam, clonazepam, flunitztrapam (roofie)

66
Q

short acting benz

A

midlazom, oxapam, alpazolan (xanax) - Hancion was used for sleep but people got mean

67
Q

Are bens reinforcing?

A

not really

68
Q

what happens when taken with alc or opiate? bens

A

heightens effects

69
Q

XANAX is responsble for ___ benz visits to ER

A

1/3

70
Q

Benz are considered ____ tranquilizers

A

minor

71
Q

effect of bens

A
  • reduced anxiety, sleep, anticulvulsaants, muscle relation
72
Q

Does Benz interfear with learning and long term potentiation

A

yes

73
Q

Neurochem effects of bens

A
  • interfere with gaba via satellite receptors (endogenous)
74
Q

Ben antagonist

A

fumazil - dont exert action

75
Q

tolerence of BENZ

A
  • develops rapidly for muscle relaxing, sedating, sleep infucing, and anticonvulsants – slower for anxiolytic effects
76
Q

Is there PD evidence and withdrawals?

A

YES, in animals and humans - withdrawal - tremor, hot food, walking ridgity (in animals), and increased neuronal excitation, seizures, heightened anxiety, numbess and tingling (in humans)

77
Q

GHB

A

Xyrem, liquid E or easy lay, natures qualude, degreasing solv + floor striper + drain cleaner, mech action similar to benz, PD and withdeawal, DopA reward system

78
Q

Types of Hallucinogens

A
  • cholinergic
  • seratagenic
  • methylated amph, norA
  • other
79
Q

CHOL agonist hallucinogens

A

stim muscarinic cholinergenic receptors to increase chol NS

80
Q

Amanita Muscaria

A

Fly argaric mushroom

81
Q

Fly agaric mushroom

A
  • red and white
  • place in milk to kill flies
  • vikings use - Beserkers
  • consumed when others are scarce
  • ibotonic acid and muscimole
  • excreted and unchanged in urine - siberians
82
Q

symptosm of FA mushroom

A
  • humour, euphoria, detachment and unreality, increased power, agitation, trembling, cvisions of supernatural
  • unpleasant = lacrimation, salvation, sweating, diarrhea, pains coma, and lungs can fill with liquid and death
83
Q

Ibogaine

A

CHOL

  • yellow root chew
  • used by hunters to endure trecks and suppress appetites
  • effects can last up to 30 hours
  • sold in france for fatigue in 1960s
  • alleviate repressed childhood memories
  • heroine addict felt it was healing - gov didnt think so
84
Q

Atropa Belladona

A
  • purple flowers with black berries = deadly night shade
  • atropine
  • tomato potato family
  • ATROPA - greek cut threat of life at time of persons death
  • belladona - pretty with big pupils (put berry juice in eyes
85
Q

Atropa B effects

A
  • blocks receptors (CHOL) reduces neural activity, rapid HB, dilated puils, loss of balance, blurred vision, dry throat
  • semi-awake dream like, weightlessness and flying,
86
Q

Datura stamonium

A
  • atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine
  • similar to jimson weed
  • witches
  • leaves into cigars - sold for asthma
  • purple and white flowers - devils trumpet
  • low doses: euphoria, dream, amnesia (10-20 seeds)
  • higher doses - unpleasant hallucinations, delirium, mental confusions (50)
87
Q

Hebane

A

used in orgies
scopolamine and hyoscamine
hairy leaves

88
Q

Manfragora officnarum

A
  • hanged mans semen
  • all 3
  • looks like person, says plant shrieks when u pick it
  • low doses = depressant and sedative
  • higher doses = hallucinogens, delerium and all the affects from above
89
Q

Seratonergic

A

typically produce hallucinogens

90
Q

LSD

A

Hoffman who was studying vasoconstriction and muscle tone of uterus

91
Q

Lyserigic acid from

A

ergot = parasit fungus on grains and wheat

92
Q

HYMPHREY OSMOND

A

coined term psychadellic

93
Q

LSD was used in

A

psychotherapy and interrogations

94
Q

LSD IS a what schedule drug

A

1 meaning low medical use high abuse

95
Q

PEAK OF LSD IN

A

1960s and 70s went from 1% of uni students to 20%

96
Q

Street dose

A

50 micrograms

97
Q

typical dose of peak period

A

200 micro

98
Q

LSD oral ingestions

A

effectds: 60 min, peak: 90, duration 5-12 hours,

99
Q

LSD first imapcts

A

SNS: tachycardia, increase BP and body temp, dilated pupils, increased salvation, analgesia

100
Q

Sought out affects

A

1-2 hours post ingestions

101
Q

Tolerance

A
  • occurs rapidly to seratogeric and noradrenergic hallucinations
  • PC
102
Q

PD of LSD?

A

no evidence

103
Q

does LSD do tetralogical damage?

A

no

104
Q

Neurochemical actions of LSD

A

supress firing seratonin neurons in ralphe nuclei which affects to ARAS which filters sensory information - AGONISM at 5HT1

105
Q

LAA

A 
1/10 potency 
found in ergot 
HOLY FIRE/ST ANTHONYS FIRE 
from ergot 
vasocontstriction - russia and france 
- tingling of skin, convulsion and disordered thinking
106
Q

PSILOCYBIN

A
  • HOFFMAN
  • mushrooms
  • 1000 BC
  • onset: 30 mins, duration: 2-6 hours
  • tolerance and cross tolerance
  • find it better than LSD
107
Q

Typtamine

A

occurs in plants, similar to tryptophan

108
Q

DMT

A
  • virola and piptadenia peregrina
  • enthegeon (relgious and mystical purpose)
  • red bark - snuff
  • onset: 10 seconds, peak: 10-15 mins, duration: 60 minutes
  • taken orally monoamine oxidase breaks it down but ingested with harmaline alkoids its fine
109
Q

AYAHUASCA

A

most common drink with DMT

110
Q

DMT has been used to help people with

A

PTSD

111
Q

effects of DMT

A

nausea, excitability,numbness, twitch of face, hallucinations

112
Q

Bufotine

A

plants, fish, toads, cyanosis - purple skin –> snuff

113
Q

Phenethylamine: NE and meth amphetamines

A
  • modifications of amphetamines which resemble NE - stimulant and hallucinogen products
114
Q

Mescaline

A
  • naturally occuring NE, peyote cactus
  • carrot shaped root
  • readily absorbed in digestive tract but doesnt pass BBB well
  • 3mg/kg - euphoria and stim
  • 5mg/kg - hallucinogen
  • peak: 60 min, duration 4-16 hours (10 normally)
115
Q

effects of mascaline

A
  • coloured vision like klydoscope, with auditory, taste, olfactory and tactile hallucinations
  • weightlessness, depersonalization and time perception alt
  • naursea, vomitting, headaches, hangover
  • tolerance occurs to psych effects
116
Q

Hallucinogenic effects of phenethylamine from

A

5ht2

117
Q

DOM/STP

A
  • sereniyu, tranquility, peache, super terrific psych,
  • app supressant
    3-5 euphoria
    10 hallucinogen
    16-25 hours!!! - bad trips because long
118
Q

MDA

A

metabolite of MDMA, accounts for its ffects
usual dose 80 mg - 160 lasting 8-12 hours
emotions and empathy with other people present
from sassafras tree - formerly used from production of root beer
used to be for app supressant, antidepressant and parkinsons

119
Q

Myristicin and elemicin

A
  • found in fruit myristica fragans
  • nutmeg and mace
  • people get sick and then are discouraged - weak ass effects
  • tea - 1-2 TSP
    2 hours lasting
120
Q

MDMA founder

A

MERK 1914

121
Q

MDMA OG USE

A

app supressant

122
Q

Absorption of MDMA

A

effects: 1 hour, duration: 4-6 hours
dose: 50-200 mg

123
Q

MDMA effects

A

positive, openness, serenity, caring, energy and at high dosed hallucinations

undesriable: jaw, sweat, vision, dry mouth, and thirst
- DEATH: high body temp and dehydration

124
Q

PEAK USE

A

1980 becuase MDMA legal

125
Q

MDMA causes release of

A

5HT and Da, blcoks reuptake of 5HT causes prolonged seratonin

126
Q

extremely bad SE of MDMA

A
  • neurotoxin in rates, reduced seratonin binding, more pronounced in women, learning and mem nerves dammaged,
127
Q

Chronic use of MDMA causes

A

memory impairment, decision making deficits, loss of impulse control, panick attacks

128
Q

MISC

A

PCP, KET, DEX, SALVIA, THUJONE

129
Q

PCP and KET bind to what receptors

A

SIGMA OPIATE to produce hallucinations, glutamate antagonist increases DA in brain - rewarding

130
Q

PCP

A
  • phenocyclidine
  • did not produce low BP (+) but undesirable hallucinations and seizures (-)
  • can be added to MJ
  • 1-10 mg = euphira, numbess (anasthesia), loss of motor control, catatonia, nystagmus to fixed doll stare, distortion of body parts, agressive
  • 4-6 hour duration but can persist for days
  • large doses - psychosis and convulsions
131
Q

bad trips in PCP

A

80%

132
Q

tolerance and PD of PCP

A

in lab animals w/drawal - tremours, oculomotor hyperactivity, fearfulness, convulsions
and been noted in humans

133
Q

Ket

A
  • snorted, smoked, oral, injection
  • khole
  • 2 hours
  • model of schizo and psychosis
134
Q

dextromethorphan

A

cough supressant
sigma opiate receptors and blocks glutamate
less potent to ket and pcp

135
Q

robocopping, roboing, robotripping, chugtussin

A

street for dex

136
Q

medical dose and abuse doses

A
  • 15-30mg
  • one bottle - 250 mg
  • 200 mg - euphoric
  • 400 intense euphoria, dysphoria, vivid imagination, hallucination (close eyed)
  • 600 - strong alteration in conciousness, out o fbody experience, psychotic reactions
137
Q

salvia

A

mint fam
schedule 4 drug - possession in moderate quantity is not prohibited by law
AGONISTIC KAPPA OPIOD
hallucinatory few mins of smoking or hour of oral

138
Q

thujone

A 
saje, wormwood
produce absinthe 
GABA antagonist - increase neural activity - 5HT3 receptors 
GREEN FAIRY 
bev 50-75%

Drugs and Behaviour (1 decks)

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