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Notes/Drugs from Shadowing > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Name of Drug Used as Diuretic. How’s it work? What is it used for?

A

Diuril, works at ascending loop of Henle competing Cl- channels to prevent Sodium from leaving, used to treat high blood pressure

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2
Q

Drugs Used For Arrhythmia

A

Using Varapamil which is a calcium channel blocker to treat angina, high blood pressure, and arrhythmia
Can use Propanolol which is a beta blocker that can treat high blood pressure, angina, and uneven heartbeat (atrial fibrillation)

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3
Q

Drug for Atrial Fibrillation

A

Propanolol which is a beta blocker

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4
Q

Drug for Glaucoma

A

Betaxolol which is a beta blocker, can also use propanolol in eye drop form. these help reduce eye pressure

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5
Q

Name of Autoimmune Disease for Killing own platelets

A

Ideopathetic Thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

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6
Q

Name two drugs used to lower autoimmune response

A

Cortisone or Prednisolone

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7
Q

How can a doctor tells if someone has Aortic stenosis on ECG?

A

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy 85% of time. Has to do with the second repolarization on ECG

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8
Q

What can a doctor give a patient to wear if they have atrial fibrillation?

A

Pacemaker

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9
Q

What is the normal ejection fraction for the heart

A

55%. Measure of how much blood leaving left ventricle

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10
Q

What do you have if you get a lower than 55% ejection fraction?

A

Can have cardiac myopathy if lower than 15%, cardiac arrythemias can cause this too

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11
Q

What cardiac disease are people who are smokers more prone to in terms of aorta?

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

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12
Q

What medication used to lower chance of clotting?

A

Warfarin which is a blood thinner

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13
Q

What can you take to increase coagulation?

A

Vitamin K

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14
Q

What could be the cause if MCV (mean corpuscular volume) too high?

A

Alcohol, anemia, lack of Vitamin B12 or folic acid

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15
Q

What could be cause if MCV (mean corpuscular volume) too low?

A

Iron deficiency

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16
Q

What is the range you want to keep the INR (international normalized ratio). How is it tested?

A

2 - 3. Prothrombin time test (how long it takes the blood to clot) Used if on Warfarin

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17
Q

When do you know they have stomach ulcer? When is not when you see these same effects?

A

Black poop. Bleeding in GI tract, hemoglobin oxidized by stomach acid. Peptobismo causes as well.

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18
Q

Name two NSAIDs

A

Ibuprofen or naproxen

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19
Q

Disease if Pain that interrupts sleep
Pain that is most pronounced first thing in the morning and again toward the end of the day
Localized tenderness when the affected area of the spine is pressed
Aching, steady or intermittent pain in the lower back that is aggravated by extended activity
Stiffness or loss of flexibility in the back (for example, unable to bend comfortably at the waist)

A

Facet joint osteoarthritis, also called degenerative arthritis or osteoarthritis of the spine, is a degenerative condition that develops gradually over time. The pain is caused by the breakdown of the cartilage between the facet joints in the spine. At first the symptoms may only be intermittent, but can later develop into steadier pain in the lower back, and may eventually cause sciatica in addition to lower back pain.

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20
Q

Disease if Leg pain that occurs primarily when walking and standing upright

Includes any combination of the following:

Unable to walk far without developing leg pain
Lower back pain relief is achieved quickly after sitting down
Symptoms fluctuate between severe and mild/none
Symptoms develop gradually over time
Weakness, numbness, and tingling that radiates from the low back into the buttocks and legs (sciatica)

A

spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis can place pressure on the nerves at the point where they exit the spine. Standing upright, such as in normal walking, increases pressure on the nerve and results in leg pain.

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21
Q

Disease if Sudden onset of back pain, limited flexibility, height loss

Includes any of the following:

Sudden onset of back pain
Standing or walking will usually make the pain worse
Lying on one’s back makes the pain less intense
Height loss
Limited spinal flexibility
Deformity and disability

A

Spinal compression fracture

As a general rule, the possibility of compression fracture should be considered after any sudden onset of back pain in adults over age 50, especially in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis and in men or women after long-term corticosteroid use. In a person with osteoporosis, even a small amount of force put on the spine, as from a sneeze, may cause a compression fracture.

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22
Q

Name two bronchodilators treating COPD

A

Albuterol and Ipratropium

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23
Q

What can be inferred if patient has increased liver enzymes?

A

They are probably overweight and fat being deposited to be stored onto the liver

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24
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (HF)

A

Shortness of breath, cough w/ or w/o phelgm, leg sweliing, increased LVEDP, Due to increase force needed to pump caused muscle of heart to get bigger getting into the atrium and ventricle

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25
Q

Why are total protein levels such as albumin important to the blood?

A

Need appropriate protein levels ~6.7 to maintain onconic pressure for the capillaries otherwise edema forms

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26
Q

How do beta blockers work?

A

Work by inhibiting epinephrine, thereby lowering blood pressure

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27
Q

Beta 2 agonist

A

SABA (short acting beta agonists) and LABA (long acting beta agonists) Helped to relax to smooth muscle

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28
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Dry the airway if patient has problem with cilia moving the mucus up. Used for severe COPD, helping the airway expand.

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29
Q

If someone has diabetes and increased liver enzymes, what needs to be treated first

A

Need to treat the diabetes first, any problem is difficult because don’t want to strain the liver more

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30
Q

What are the really strong painkillers?

A

Oxycodone and Methadone

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31
Q

What is probably occurring if leg is buckling or is very weak

A

Back problem has pinched sciatic nerve too much and losing nerve function due to too much of the pinching. Effecting the muscle

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32
Q

What is it likely if getting sharp deep pain on inside of the leg?

A

Needs to be checked for pulmonary embolism

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33
Q

Cellulitis

A

Bacterial infection turns red, tender, and swollen. Staphylcoccus or Steptococcus usually responsible

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34
Q

What body type most likely to have osteoporosis?

A

You want to check very petite, tiny women

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35
Q

Celiac disease. What are you more at risk of if you have Celiac?

A

Celiac disease is a serious autoimmune disorder that can occur in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. Immune system attacks gluten, damaging the villi.
Can make it easier to have osteoporosis

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36
Q

What diseases can Humira treat? Mechanism?

A

is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocker that reduces the effects of a substance in the body that can cause inflammation.

Humira is used to reduce the signs and symptoms of moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis, and and a chronic skin condition called hidradenitis suppurativa. It is also used reduce the signs and symptoms of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease or moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis,

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37
Q

What is Ulcerative colitis?

A

s an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than suddenly.

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38
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by inflammation of the digestive, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In fact, Crohn’s can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus, but it is more commonly found at the end of the small intestine (the ileum) where it joins the beginning of the large intestine (or colon).

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39
Q

SIADH. Give example of one

A

Syndrome of inappropriate Antidiuretic hormone secretion. Example is seratonin. Defined by the hyponatremia and hypo-osmolality resulting from inappropriate, continued secretion or action of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) despite normal or increased plasma volume, which results in impaired water excretion

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40
Q

Hyponatremia

A

A condition that occurs when the level of sodium in the blood is too low.
Symptoms include nausea, headache, confusion, and fatigue.

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41
Q

What is the treatment called for osteoporosis that is expensive and used as one of the last resorts?

A

Prolea

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42
Q

What is the memory test called?

A

MOCA

43
Q

Dysphagia

A

Trouble swallowing due to narrowing of the esophagus. Need to broaden the esophagus in order for them to swallow. This can be caused due to esophageal spasms becoming too frequent or problem with nervous system

44
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Caused by pouches in the large intestine getting deep which causes food such as seeds to lodge. This causes immune system response, inflammation leading to severe left abdominal pain. In order to treat, need two antibiotics - one to kill aerobic bacteria and one for anaerobic bacteria

45
Q

Scleroderma

A

is a chronic connective tissue disease generally classified as one of the autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

46
Q

Why can’t some people take statin?

A

Some people can’t because gives muscle spasms they can’t handle.
Also, increases the liver enzymes

47
Q

Side effect of very lots of steroids?

A

Tremoring

48
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

Stomach bulges into the chest through the opening. People with it can have GERD, leads to increased chance of Barrett’s esophagus

49
Q

What do you do if the patient has lower INR than normal range (2-3)?

A

Give them more Warfarin

50
Q

30/70 Insulin

A

Works by releasing 30% of insulin when they take it. 70% release in the afternoon to control blood glucose

51
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Normal falls in elderly make them much more susceptible to subdural hematomas because brain atrophies when get older so can hit brain against skull. Want CT scan and to make sure patient doesn’t develop vomiting, naseau as time goes on.

52
Q

Why may someone get vertigo?

A

Blocking inside ear causes losing balance, dizziness

53
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Occurs when have HCl entering esophagus causes a change from squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium. Precancerous, increases risk of having adenocarcinoma, a deadly esophageal cancer

54
Q

Epley Maneuver

A

is a maneuver used to treat benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)[1] of the posterior or anterior canals.[2] It works by allowing free floating particles from the affected semicircular canal to be relocated, using gravity, back into the utricle, where they can no longer stimulate the cupula, therefore relieving the patient of bothersome vertigo

55
Q

Amaurosis fugax

A

Is a painless, temporary loss of vision in one eye. Happens when piece of cholesterol gets dislodged and travels to the eye for a brief moment. Then dissolves. Lack of blood getting to the retina. Need to treat them to make sure the cholesterol forming on the arteries is dissolved.

56
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Caused from blood pooling, typically in the feet seen deep blue color. In sufficient blood moving up due to improper valves. Only really need to be concerned if very big. Serious varicose veins you see a lot of swelling in legs

57
Q

Stasis Dermatitis

A

Patient’s feet get red/hyperpigmented due to pooling of blood - could be due to varicose veins or circulatory problem. Blood escaping into interstitial space, inflammation

58
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

Measuring a person’s oxygen saturation throughout their sleep. Less than 88% means problem breathing. Causes tiredness, sleep apnea, and can lead to dementia. You need to give them pressurized machine over nose to get air into lungs

59
Q

What is it if WBC count elevated, but oncology says nothing wrong?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), completely benign

60
Q

How can you tell if someone has elevated potassium levels?

A

Can see if it is a problem on the ECG if after QRS, there is big spike due to hyperpolarization

61
Q

How can you tell Atrial fibrillation on ECG?

A

Multiple P waves before QRS, also not consistent

62
Q

What could a patient’s cough be if has no GERD, postnasal drip, bronchitis, or asthma?

A

Check if taking ACE inhibitor - cough can show up even after taking for long durations with no symptoms

63
Q

Microcytic Anemia

A

RBCs small in volume, most common cause is iron deficiency

64
Q

Macrocytic Anemia

A

RBCs big in volume, don’t have a high enough concentration of hemoglobin

65
Q

What are you seeing if patient has elevated levels of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)?

A

Could be cancer, or enlargement of the prostate. Can check free prostate levels and compare results to see likelihood of cancer

66
Q

What does Ferretin levels tell us?

A

Tells us the iron storage. Person whom is bleeding out has iron storage levels of less than 15.

67
Q

Wha does Reticulocyte levels tell us?

A

Measures the amount of immature red blood cells present. If high reticulocyte, person is bleeding and trying to compensate

68
Q

What does C-reactive protein test tell us?

A

Measures for inflammation. CRP is a substance produced by the liver that increases in presence of inflammation

69
Q

What causes increase in liver enzymes?

A

Fat storage on liver, also drugs/alcohol, galbladder

70
Q

If bilirubin highest along with other liver enzymes, what is it likely?

A

Gallbladder stones causing obstruction

71
Q

If have higher than SGOT than SGPT in 2:1 ratio, what does it tell us?

A

Caused by alcohol intake, could be cirrhosis

72
Q

If have higher SGPT than SGOT, what most likely?

A

Likely caused by prescriptions, medications

73
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening or narrowing of the arteries, attributable to natural calcium build up. Puts risk of clotting

74
Q

What drugs can be taken for anxiety?

A

Benzodiazepine (Lorazepam) if very short needed. Also can take Xanax for shorter lasting reuptake

75
Q

What is the name for the beta blocker to take for afib or any cardiovascular disease that needs slowed heart beat to relax it?

A

Metapropolol to prevent heart overload.

76
Q

What do beta blockers and calcium blockers do for the heart?

A

Trying to lower the bpm so heart doesnt have to work as hard. Increases the stroke volume so same cardiac output.

77
Q

Pitting edema

A

When you can press your finger on the person’s skin and just sticks there. Fluid leaking out of person due to so much fluid. typical of congestive heart failure

78
Q

Orthopnea

A

Can’t breathe while laying flat - symptom of congestive heart failure

79
Q

Congestive Heart failure

A

Heart can’t pump sufficiently to circulate the blood

80
Q

What medication do you give a diabetic for their blood pressure?

A

ACE inhibitor

81
Q

PET scan

A

Measures metastatis under the head

82
Q

MRI scan

A

Measures metastasis at head

83
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

If person has worst migraine, looking down. Can happen after sex. Needs immediate care

84
Q

Fecal occult blood test

A

Measure to check if colon cancer or polyps. Must be done annually.

85
Q

Stool DNA test

A

Tests tiny amounts of blood in stool and 9 DNA markers in 3 genes known to cause cancer. DNA comes from cells lining colon. gives more positive readings for people even if don’t have

86
Q

What do you give if person has bronchitis or asthma?

A

Give them steroids, beta agonist

87
Q

Polynephropathy

A

Symptom of diabetes. Due to sugar damaging the peripheral nerves.

88
Q

Hodgkins lymphoma

A

See swelling of the lymph nodes. Due to cancer’s in the lymphocytes

89
Q

Where is Vitamin B12 absorbed? If problem with Vitamin B12, what should you check?

A

Absorbed in the stomach. Should check damage such as ulcer to the stomach to see if receptor is gone.

90
Q

How long should the person on ACE with cough be off of it to cure the cough?

A

24-26 days for the cough to go away

91
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

Pain in the stomach, intestines, causing diarrhea, gas, constipation

92
Q

Myocardial Ischemia (Coronary Artery Disease)

A

Can be a cause of Afib, blockage of the coronary artery leading to decreased oxygen to the heart, reducing ability to pump efficiently. Serious blockage can lead to heart attack

93
Q

What class of drug can you use to help slow down progression of Alzheimer’s? Give an Example of one

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Donepezil is an example

94
Q

What are the four cognitive domains needed in association with loss of memory to be considered dementia? Give their definitions as well

A

Aphasia (Word finding difficulty), Apraxia (Inability to perform motor tasks), Agnosia (Inability to recognize objects), and impaired executive function (poor mental judgement and planning)

95
Q

What is postural hypotension?

A

Decrease in systolic blood pressure when standing up

96
Q

What is the most common cause of urinary incontinence?

A

Detrusor overactivity which is uninhibited bladder contractions that cause leakage.

97
Q

Define Frailty

A

Term to describe adults who experience decreased functional reserve, functional decline, and increased vulnerability for morbidity.

98
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

Loss of muscle tissue as a natural part of aging

99
Q

What do you give the patient for mild to moderate pain?

A

Acetaminophen, aspirin, and NSAIDs

100
Q

What are the first line drugs for neuropathic pain?

A 
Calcium channel alpha2-delta ligands gabapentin and pregabalin
Also SSNRIS (Selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), duloxetine and venlafaxine
101
Q

What is preuritus?

A

Itching of the skin

102
Q

What can you give for urticaria (hives) to treat?

A

H1 blockers, antihistamines

103
Q

Psoriasis

A

A common, benign, chronic inflammatory skin disease.

Notes/Drugs from Shadowing (1 decks)

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