Drugs Flashcards
Name an alpha 2 agonist
Clonidine
- will inhibit the release of NT from the presynaptic terminal
Name a beta 1 agonist and antagonist
- isoproterenol
- dobutamine
- will increase HR and contractility
propanolol
- good for MIs
- will reduce HR but cause bronchoconstriction
Name a beta 2 agonist and antagonist
- isoproterenol
- terbutaline
- opens airways, but overlaps with beta 1 –> increased HR
- propanolol
What kind of drug is Epinephrine?
What is it used from?
- sympathomimetics
- completely non-specific
- used for emergency situations
- MI, asthma attack, anaphylaxis
- stimulates both alpha and beta receptors
- only used in life or death situations
Why would epinephrine be used with anesthesia?
Keep the anesthetic from being metabolized too quickly
What are the side effects of injected epinephrine?
- psycho stimulants (anxiety, paranoia, headache, tremor)
- hyperglycemia (dangerous for diabetics
- hypertension-induced hemorrhage
- cardiac arrhythmia
What is norepinephrine mainly used to treat?
why?
- shock
- induces vasoconstriction –> blood leaves slower
What is the critical role of NE and dopamine?
- mood and motor control
- good drug targets for depression, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
What type of drug is cocaine?
What does it do?
Side effects?
- brain-targeted non-selective sympathomimetic
- inhibits reuptake of serotonin, NE and DA
- increased HR, sweating, hypertension
What kind of drug category do amphetamines fall under?
What do they do?
- brain-targeted non-selective sympathomimetic
- it inhibits reuptake of NT AND inhibits degradation of NT (including 5HT and NE)
- very potent
What drugs have similar mechanisms to amphetamines?
- MDMA
- ritalin
What drug can be used to help treat Parkinson’s?
How?
Side effects?
- Selegiline (MAO inhibiter)…used with Levadopa
- prevents NT from being metabolized
- more NT is the cleft to be taken up
- dry mouth
- constipation
- tachycardia
What drugs can be used as antidepressants?
How?
Side effects?
Phenelzine
- MAOi
- increased NT in cleft
- dry mouth, constipation, tachycardia, urinary retention, sweating, hypertension, mydriasis (dilated pupils)
Amytriptyline
- TCA (tri-cyclic antidepressants)
- block reuptake of NT
- urinary retention, MI, hypertension
- SHOULD NOT be used during pregnancy –> uterus relaxation
What type of drug is phenylephrine?
What does it do?
- peripheral sympathomimetic
- alpha 1 agonist
- causes vasoconstriction
- nasal decongestant
- increased peripheral resistance…good for shock/blood loss
What kind of drug is dobutamine?
What does it do?
How is it used clinically?
- specific sympathomimetic
- beta 1 agonist
- increases HR, contractility
- increases cardiac output
- good for congestive heart failure
What kind of drug is albuterol? Salmeterol?
What do they do?
- specific sympathomimetic
- beta 2 agonist
- albuterol (salbutamol/ventolin) is short acting
- salmeterol is long acting (12 hrs vs. 2 hrs)
- bronchodilators, uterus relaxation, glyogenolysis,
Alpha 2 adrenergic agonists are the same as ___________________.
Adrenergic antagonists
What kind of drug is clonidine?
What does it do?
How?
- alpha 2 agonist (adrenergic antagonist)
- treats hypertension
- blocks NE from being released in the CNS –> lowers BP
What type of drug is Prazosin? Doxasin?
What do they do?
How?
- Competitive alpha 1 antagonist
- treats hypertension
- blocks alpha 1 receptors from being activated –> lower BP
Prazosin also causes vasodilation –> helps in congestive HF by reducing peripheral resistance
What kind of drug is Tamulosin?
What does it do?
How?
- alpha 1 antagonist
- blocks alpha 1 receptors from being activated –> increased urine release and treats prostatic hypertrophy
- more selective for a1 receptors on prostate
What are the side effects of blocking alpha 1 receptors?
- orthostatic hypotension
- vertigo
- sexual dysfunction
- reflex tachycardia
Describe the 3 generations of beta blockers
1st - non-selective (beta 1 and 2) - caused bronchospasms 2nd - cardioselective (beta 1 only) - better 3rd - partially selective - also has alpha 1 antagonist --> reduces BP
Why is propanolol dangerous for asthmatics to use?
- it is a non-selective beta blocker (first generation)
- it will reduce their hypertension but will also cause bronchospasms —> deadly for asthmatics
What is timilol?
What is it used for?
- non-specific beta blocker
- used for glaucoma
- reduces production of aqueous humour and intraocular pressure
What kind of drug is atenalol?
What does it do?
- 2nd generation beta blocker (beta1 specific_
- avoid bronchospasms
- Treats hypertension (reduced pulmonary, vascular and blood sugar effects)
- good for diabetics
What kind of drug is carvedilol?
What does it do?
- 3rd generation beta blocker
- affinity for b1 and b2
- treats hypertension but may exacerbate asthma
What kind of drug is labetalol?
What does it do?
- 3rd generation beta blocker
- affinity for alpha 1 receptor –> reduces BP and stress on the heart
- no large effect on resting HR
Name an alpha 1 agonist and antagonist
Pseudoephedrine
- alpha 1 agonist
- vasocontriction
- good for nasal congestion
- will reduce fluid
Prazosin
What kind of drug is piliocarpine?
What does pilocarpine do?
- cholinergic agonist
- similar to ACh but can penetrate BBB
- used for severe acute glaucoma
- instant opening of eye drainage system
What kind of drug is neostigmine?
What does it do/treat?
- AChE inhibitor
- increases amount of ACh available in cleft
- aids sx associated with myasthenia gravis
- helps urinary retention, constipation and increase muscular strength
What kind of drug is donepazil?
What does it do/treat?
- AChE inhibitor
- increases amount of ACh in cleft for postsynaptic receptors
- this drug helps treat the sx associated with Alzheimer’s
- there are less cholinergic receptors –> need more ACh to get same response
- AKA aricept
What type of drug is Atropine?
What does it do?
What is another name for it?
- a cholinergic antagonist
- decreases the cardiovascular response to PNS system
- increased HR and BP
- bronchodilation, decreased resp. secretions
- dilated pupils
- antispasmodic effects on GI and other smooth muscle
- AKA belladonna
What type of drug is scopolamine?
- cholinergic antagonist
- strong CNS effect
- most effective anti-nausea drug
What type of drug is tiotropium?
- cholinergic antagonist
- derived from atropine
- long-term inhaled bronchodilator
What are the side effects to overuse of cholinergic antagonists?
eyes:
- sandy eyes
- loss of near vision
Gut:
no movement, constipation, pain, nausea, vomiting
Mouth:
- dry pasty, no spit
Bladder:
- urinary retention, flaccid bladder, contracted sphincter
- no sweating
- paralyzed
SLUDS
What type of drug is curare?
- non-depolarizing NMJ blocker
- not used anymore
What type of drug is succinylcholine?
- the ONLY depolarizing NMJ blocker used
- twitching at first –> flaccid paralysis
