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Pharmacology > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Name an alpha 2 agonist

A

Clonidine

- will inhibit the release of NT from the presynaptic terminal

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2
Q

Name a beta 1 agonist and antagonist

A
  • isoproterenol
  • dobutamine
  • will increase HR and contractility

propanolol

  • good for MIs
  • will reduce HR but cause bronchoconstriction
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3
Q

Name a beta 2 agonist and antagonist

A
  • isoproterenol
  • terbutaline
  • opens airways, but overlaps with beta 1 –> increased HR
  • propanolol
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4
Q

What kind of drug is Epinephrine?

What is it used from?

A
  • sympathomimetics
  • completely non-specific
  • used for emergency situations
    • MI, asthma attack, anaphylaxis
  • stimulates both alpha and beta receptors
  • only used in life or death situations
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5
Q

Why would epinephrine be used with anesthesia?

A

Keep the anesthetic from being metabolized too quickly

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6
Q

What are the side effects of injected epinephrine?

A
  • psycho stimulants (anxiety, paranoia, headache, tremor)
  • hyperglycemia (dangerous for diabetics
  • hypertension-induced hemorrhage
  • cardiac arrhythmia
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7
Q

What is norepinephrine mainly used to treat?

why?

A
  • shock

- induces vasoconstriction –> blood leaves slower

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8
Q

What is the critical role of NE and dopamine?

A
  • mood and motor control

- good drug targets for depression, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

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9
Q

What type of drug is cocaine?
What does it do?
Side effects?

A
  • brain-targeted non-selective sympathomimetic
  • inhibits reuptake of serotonin, NE and DA
  • increased HR, sweating, hypertension
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10
Q

What kind of drug category do amphetamines fall under?

What do they do?

A
  • brain-targeted non-selective sympathomimetic
  • it inhibits reuptake of NT AND inhibits degradation of NT (including 5HT and NE)
  • very potent
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11
Q

What drugs have similar mechanisms to amphetamines?

A
  • MDMA

- ritalin

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12
Q

What drug can be used to help treat Parkinson’s?
How?
Side effects?

A
  • Selegiline (MAO inhibiter)…used with Levadopa
  • prevents NT from being metabolized
  • more NT is the cleft to be taken up
  • dry mouth
  • constipation
  • tachycardia
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13
Q

What drugs can be used as antidepressants?
How?
Side effects?

A

Phenelzine

  • MAOi
  • increased NT in cleft
  • dry mouth, constipation, tachycardia, urinary retention, sweating, hypertension, mydriasis (dilated pupils)

Amytriptyline

  • TCA (tri-cyclic antidepressants)
  • block reuptake of NT
  • urinary retention, MI, hypertension
  • SHOULD NOT be used during pregnancy –> uterus relaxation
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14
Q

What type of drug is phenylephrine?

What does it do?

A
  • peripheral sympathomimetic
  • alpha 1 agonist
  • causes vasoconstriction
    • nasal decongestant
    • increased peripheral resistance…good for shock/blood loss
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15
Q

What kind of drug is dobutamine?
What does it do?
How is it used clinically?

A
  • specific sympathomimetic
  • beta 1 agonist
  • increases HR, contractility
  • increases cardiac output
  • good for congestive heart failure
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16
Q

What kind of drug is albuterol? Salmeterol?

What do they do?

A
  • specific sympathomimetic
  • beta 2 agonist
  • albuterol (salbutamol/ventolin) is short acting
  • salmeterol is long acting (12 hrs vs. 2 hrs)
  • bronchodilators, uterus relaxation, glyogenolysis,
17
Q

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonists are the same as ___________________.

A

Adrenergic antagonists

18
Q

What kind of drug is clonidine?
What does it do?
How?

A
  • alpha 2 agonist (adrenergic antagonist)
  • treats hypertension
  • blocks NE from being released in the CNS –> lowers BP
19
Q

What type of drug is Prazosin? Doxasin?
What do they do?
How?

A
  • Competitive alpha 1 antagonist
  • treats hypertension
  • blocks alpha 1 receptors from being activated –> lower BP

Prazosin also causes vasodilation –> helps in congestive HF by reducing peripheral resistance

20
Q

What kind of drug is Tamulosin?
What does it do?
How?

A
  • alpha 1 antagonist
  • blocks alpha 1 receptors from being activated –> increased urine release and treats prostatic hypertrophy
  • more selective for a1 receptors on prostate
21
Q

What are the side effects of blocking alpha 1 receptors?

A
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • vertigo
  • sexual dysfunction
  • reflex tachycardia
22
Q

Describe the 3 generations of beta blockers

A 
1st
- non-selective (beta 1 and 2) 
- caused bronchospasms
2nd
- cardioselective (beta 1 only)
- better
3rd
- partially selective
- also has alpha 1 antagonist --> reduces BP
23
Q

Why is propanolol dangerous for asthmatics to use?

A
  • it is a non-selective beta blocker (first generation)

- it will reduce their hypertension but will also cause bronchospasms —> deadly for asthmatics

24
Q

What is timilol?

What is it used for?

A
  • non-specific beta blocker
  • used for glaucoma
  • reduces production of aqueous humour and intraocular pressure
25
Q

What kind of drug is atenalol?

What does it do?

A
  • 2nd generation beta blocker (beta1 specific_
  • avoid bronchospasms
  • Treats hypertension (reduced pulmonary, vascular and blood sugar effects)
  • good for diabetics
26
Q

What kind of drug is carvedilol?

What does it do?

A
  • 3rd generation beta blocker
  • affinity for b1 and b2
  • treats hypertension but may exacerbate asthma
27
Q

What kind of drug is labetalol?

What does it do?

A
  • 3rd generation beta blocker
  • affinity for alpha 1 receptor –> reduces BP and stress on the heart
  • no large effect on resting HR
28
Q

Name an alpha 1 agonist and antagonist

A

Pseudoephedrine

  • alpha 1 agonist
  • vasocontriction
  • good for nasal congestion
  • will reduce fluid

Prazosin

29
Q

What kind of drug is piliocarpine?

What does pilocarpine do?

A
  • cholinergic agonist
  • similar to ACh but can penetrate BBB
  • used for severe acute glaucoma
  • instant opening of eye drainage system
30
Q

What kind of drug is neostigmine?

What does it do/treat?

A
  • AChE inhibitor
  • increases amount of ACh available in cleft
  • aids sx associated with myasthenia gravis
  • helps urinary retention, constipation and increase muscular strength
31
Q

What kind of drug is donepazil?

What does it do/treat?

A
  • AChE inhibitor
  • increases amount of ACh in cleft for postsynaptic receptors
  • this drug helps treat the sx associated with Alzheimer’s
  • there are less cholinergic receptors –> need more ACh to get same response
  • AKA aricept
32
Q

What type of drug is Atropine?
What does it do?
What is another name for it?

A
  • a cholinergic antagonist
  • decreases the cardiovascular response to PNS system
    • increased HR and BP
    • bronchodilation, decreased resp. secretions
    • dilated pupils
    • antispasmodic effects on GI and other smooth muscle
  • AKA belladonna
33
Q

What type of drug is scopolamine?

A
  • cholinergic antagonist
  • strong CNS effect
  • most effective anti-nausea drug
34
Q

What type of drug is tiotropium?

A
  • cholinergic antagonist
  • derived from atropine
  • long-term inhaled bronchodilator
35
Q

What are the side effects to overuse of cholinergic antagonists?

A

eyes:
- sandy eyes
- loss of near vision
Gut:
no movement, constipation, pain, nausea, vomiting
Mouth:
- dry pasty, no spit
Bladder:
- urinary retention, flaccid bladder, contracted sphincter

  • no sweating
  • paralyzed

SLUDS

36
Q

What type of drug is curare?

A
  • non-depolarizing NMJ blocker

- not used anymore

37
Q

What type of drug is succinylcholine?

A
  • the ONLY depolarizing NMJ blocker used

- twitching at first –> flaccid paralysis

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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