Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

USMLE Step 1 > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Category: anti-inflammatory
MOA: analgesia, elevates pain threshold
Pharmacokinetics: slightly bound to plasma proteins; metabolized by CYPs to NAPQI
Use: treat mild-moderate pain, fever
Side effects: NAPQI buildup in overdose–> hepatotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Colchicine

A

Category: anti-inflammatory
MOA: inhibits microtubule assembly leading to inhibition of cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and activation
Use: treat acute gout flares or prevent chronic gout arthritis
Side effects: GI, electrolyte imbalance, bone marrow suppression, cytopenias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Etanercept

A

Category: Anti-inflammatory; TNF-a inhibitor
MOA: Monoclonal antibody; Inhibits TNF-α leads to reduced inflammation
Use: RA, etc
Side effects: hypersensitivity, infection risk, malignancy potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Febuxostat

A

Category: anti-inflammatory
MOA: Inhibits xanthine oxidase leading to decreased production of uric acid
Use: long term tx of gout in patients with recurrent/ erosive gout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fexofenadine

A

Category: anti-inflammatory, allergy/ asthma
MOA: Second generation H1 blocker, does not cross BBB
Use: urticaria and allergic rhinitis
Side effects: photosensitivity, allergic reaction, teratogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Second generation H1 blockers

A

Cetirizine
Fexofenadine
Loratadine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Indomethacin

A

Category: anti-inflammatory, NSAID
MOA: reversible, nonselective COX inhibitor–> decreased PGs and TxA2. Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects
Uses: arthritis, gout, dysmenorrhea, PDA
Side effects: GI bleeds, ulcers; prolonged bleeding time, recurrent MI, increased BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Loratadine

A

Category: anti-inflammatory, allergy/ asthma
MOA: Second generation H1 blocker, does not cross BBB
Use: urticaria and allergic rhinitis
Side effects: photosensitivity, allergic reaction, teratogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Misoprostol

A

Category: anti-inflammatory, GI
MOA: Synthetic PGE1 analog, inhibits GI acid secretion and increases secretion of mucin/ bicarb, increases mucosal blood flow
Uses: peptic ulcer disorders, reduce complications of NSAID treatment, abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Probenecid

A

Category: anti-inflammatory
MOA: uricosuric- increases uric acid excretion
Use: long term treatment of gout in patients with recurrent or erosive gout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sumatriptan

A

Category: anti-inflammatory
MOA: triptan, 5-HT receptor agonist- causes vasoconstriction and reduces vascular inflammation
Use: migraine headaches
Precautions: coronary artery disease, stroke, arrhythmias, other serotonergic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Allopurinol

A

Category: anti-inflammatory
MOA: inhibits xanthine oxidase –> decreased production of uric acid
Use: long term treatment of gout in patients with recurrent or erosive gout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cimetidine

A

Category: GI
MOA: reversible competitive H2 antagonist, inhibits acid secretion on basolateral membrane of parietal cells
Use: duodenal ulcers, GERD
Side effects: drowsiness, diarrhea, headache, gynecomastia/ galactorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

H2 receptor antagonisst

A

Cimetidine
Famotidine
Nizatidine
Ranitidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diphenoxylate

A

Category: GI
MOA: stimulates u opioid receptor in the gut
Use: treat diarrhea, combined with atropine
Side effects: opioid toxicity at high doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Esomeprazole

A

Category: GI
MOA: PPI, inhibits H/K-APTase proton pump of gastric parietal cells inhibiting acid secretion
Use: peptic ulcer disease, GERD
Side effects: nausea, diarrhea/ constipation, flatulence, drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Loperamide

A

Category: GI
MOA: stimulates u opioid receptor in the gut
Use: treat diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Category: GI
MOA: activates 5-HT4 receptors and acts as an antagonist at D2-dopamine receptors
Use: pro-motility agent, tx gastroparesis and acute ileus
Side effects: Parkinson’s like effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Asparaginase

A

Category: cancer
MOA: catalyzes hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartic acid
Use: treat ALL and some mast cell tumors
Side effects: allergy, coagulopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bleomycin

A

Category: cancer
MOA: causes DNA damage by intercalating into DNA and cleaving bonds, causing double strand breaks
Use: Hodgkins, lymphoma, testicular cancers
Side effects: interstitial pneumonia and fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cisplatin

A

Category: cancer
MOA: causes DNA damage, generates eletrophilic intermediates that target N7 or O6 position and form DNA interstrand and intrastrand crosslinking–> inhibition of replication
Use: treatment of ovarian and testicular cancer
Side effects: Nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Category: cancer
MOA: causes DNA damage through superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical forming DNA strand breaks
Use: antitumor antibiotic, common in combo therapy
Side effects: cardiac toxicity

23
Q

Flutamide

A

Category: cancer, endocrine
MOA: competitive inhibitor of androgens
Use: virilization in women, precocious puberty in boys, prostate cancer
Side effects: feminization of men

24
Q

Vincristine

A

Category: cancer
MOA: Inhibits tubulin polymerization; leads to inhibition of microtubule polymerization; Cell cycle specific (M phase)
Use: cancer
Side effects: peripheral neurotoxicity

25
Q

Paclitaxel

A

Category: cancer
MOA: causes mitotic arrest and cell death; inhibits tubulin and microtubule polymerization by destabilizing tubules. cell cycle specific- M phase
Use: cancer
Side effects: myelosuppressio, hypersensitivity

26
Q

Trastuzumab

A

Category: cancer
MOA: blocks HER2 function, reduced cell proliferation/ increased apoptosis
Use: HER2+ metastatic breast cancer

27
Q

Cetuximab

A

Category: cancer
MOA: monoclonal antibody against EGFR, reduces cell proliferation/ increases apoptosis
Use: colon cancer

28
Q

Gefitinib

A

Category: cancer
MOA: small molecule inhibitor of HER1/EGFR tyrosine kinase
Use: non-small cell lung cancer

29
Q

Bevaczumab

A

Category: cancer
MOA: blocks VEGF receptor function leading to reduced blood supply to tumor
Use: renal cell carcinoma

30
Q

Sunitinib

A

Category: cancer
MOA: ATP competitive inhibitor of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity
Use: renal cell carcinoma
Side effects: cardiac toxicity

31
Q

Methotrexate

A

Category: cancer
MOA: inhibits dihydrofolate reductase leading to inhibition of purine biosynthesis, inability of DNA synthesis
Use: leukemia, lymphoma, head/neck, breast cancers

32
Q

5-FU

A

Category: cancer
MOA: inhibits DNA synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate syntehsis, depletion of dTTP pool
use: combo with leucovorin for cancer

33
Q

Lisinopril

A

Category: cardiovascular, anti-hypertensive
MOA: reversible, competitive antagonist of ACE–> vasodilation, lower blood pressure
Uses: HTN, +/- diuretics; heart failure; post MI; good for preserving renal function in diabeteics
Side effects: angioedema, cough, rash, postural hypotension, hyperkalemia

Similar drugs: captopril, ramipril, fosinopril

34
Q

Clonidine

A

Category: cardiovascular
MOA: antagonist at a2 receptors results in inhibition of sympathetic tone
Use: mainly HTN, others include opioid withdrawal, vascular headaches, Tourette’s
Side effects: orthostatic hypotension, GI upset, xerostomia

35
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Category: anti-platelet
MOA: irreversible ADP inhibitor; inhibits ADP induced platelet aggregation
Use: treat or prevent arterial thrombosis
Side effects: thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, inhibits CYPs

36
Q

Digoxin

A

Category: cardiovascular
MOA: Blocks Na/K ATPase: increased Na+ decreases the efficiency of Na/Ca exchanger, Ca is retained in the cytoplasm leading to increased contractile force
Use: CHF, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, AVNRT
Side effects: AV block, sinus bradycardia, Ca overload

37
Q

Diltiazem

A

Category: anti-arrhythmia
MOA: L-type Ca channel antagonist, decreased phase 4 in SA leading to decreased automaticity and heart rate
Use: atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, AVRT, AVNTR, atrial tachycardia
Side effects: dizziness, hypotension, bradycardia, constipation

38
Q

Dobutamine

A

Category: cardiovascular, heart failure
MOA: activates B1 adrenergic receptors leading to increased cardiac contractility; activates B2 adrenergic receptors in vascular smooth muscle resulting in vasodilation and reduced afterload
Use: acute heart failure

39
Q

Unfractionated heparin

A

Category: anti-thrombic
MOA: binds to antithrombin III leading to inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa
Use: treat or prevent venous thrombosis
Side effects: bleeding, heparin induced thrombocytopenia.
Monitor with aPTT
Neutralize with protamine sulfate

40
Q

Low molecular weight heparin

A

Category: anti-thrombic
MOA: binds to antithrombin III leading to inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa
Use: treat or prevent venous thrombosis
Side effects: bleeding and thrombocytopenia (less than unfractionated), hypersensitivity
Monitoring: none
Neutralize with protamine sulfate

41
Q

Fondaparinux

A 
Category: anti-thrombic
MOA: binds to antithrombin III leading to inhibition of factor Xa
Use: treat or prevent venous thrombosis
Side effects: bleeding, hypersensitivity
No antidote, must give FFP
42
Q

Hydralazine

A

Category: cardiovascular, anti-hypertensive
MOA: directly relaxes arterial vascular smooth muscle- activates gated potassium channels on vascular smooth muscle leading to vasodilation; dilates renal vessels.
Effects mediated by prostaglandin release
Triggers baroreflex resulting in tachycardia and vasoconstriction, best given w/ B blocker
Side effects: flushing, headache, reflex tachycardia, lupus like dz

43
Q

Losartan

A

Category: cardiovascular, anti-hypertensive
MOA: reversible competitive inhibitor of angiotensin receptors, inhibits ang II at target organ resulting in vasodilation, reduced pressure, increased salt excretion
Use: HTN +/- diuretic, good for diabetics to preserve renal function, heart failure, post-MI
Side effects: hyperkalemia, renal impairment

44
Q

Why do ARBs eliminate the cough seen with ACEs?

A

No cough or angioedema because bradykinin is unchanged

45
Q

Nifedipine

A

Category: cardiovascular, anti-hypertensive
MOA: CCB- antagonist at L-type calcium channels, blocks calcium influx thus preventing smooth muscle contraction. Selective for arterial smooht muscle
Use: chronic HTN, hypertensive emergency
Side effects: reflex tachycardia, palpitations, facial flushing, headache, postural hypotension, gum hypertrophy

46
Q

List three dihydropyridine CCBs

A

amlodipine
nifedipine
nimodipine

47
Q

List two non-dihydropyridine CCBs

A

diltiazem

verapamil

48
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Category: cardiovascular, heart failure
MOA: Converted to NO resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle; Causes primarily venous dilation and thus reduced end diastolic volume
Use: chronic heart failure

49
Q

Quinidine

A

Category: anti-arrhythmia
MOA: type I anti-arrhythmic, blocks the fast inward sodium current (INa), use dependent block
Side effects: thrombocytopenia, granulomatous hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, and torsades de pointes, CYP inhibitor

50
Q

Verapamil

A

Category: cardiovascular
MOA: non-dihydropyrinide CCB, use dependent AV block and dilates arterial vascular smooth muscle
Use: HTN, arrhythmia
Side effects: bradycardia, hart block, postural hypotension, GERD

51
Q

Warfarin

A

Category: anti- thrombotic
MOA: inhibits vitamin K dependent gamma carboxylation of factors VII, IX, X, and II.
Use: treat or prevent venous thrombosis
Side effects: bleeding, fetal toxicity, skin necrosis
Monitor with PT/INR

52
Q

Aspirin

A

Category: anti-platelet
MOA: irreversible nonselective COX inhibitor, leads to decreased prostaglandins and TxA2 leading to anti-platelet and cardioprotective effects
Use: NSAID, treatment or prevention of arterial thrombosis
Side effects: bleeding, bruising, tinnitus, gastritis, potentiates other anti-platelet durgs

53
Q

Propranolol

A

Category: cardiovascular
MOA: competitive nonselective B adrenergic receptor antagonist–> decrease in HR, CO, BP
Use: HTN, angina, tachycardia, acute MI
Side effects: bradycardia, NVD, cold hands and feet

USMLE Step 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions