Drugs Flashcards
Maropitant (Cerenia)
> Very effective anti-emetic
- Use in acute gastroenteritis, cytotoxic induced vomiting, motion sickness [higher dose]
- effective against central and peripheral causes of emesis as works on last step of vomiting reflex in CNS
- NK1 Receptor antagonist in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
Metoclopramide
- Antiemetic
- D2 and 5HT3 antagonist [CRTZ and periphery], and peripheral procholinergic effects
- use in central/peripherally induced vomiting, chemotherapy, gastroesophageal reflux, decreased gastric emptying cases
- more potent in dogs dueto D2 activity
Phenothiazines
- Amtiemetic
- a1 and a2 Ant, D2 Ant, H1 and H2 Ant, Muscarinic Cholinergic Ant
- acts on CRTZ, vomiting centre, vestibular system and periphery
> not vet registered so few indications
Diphenhydrinate (Dramamine)
Anthistamines: Antiemetic
- act on CRTZ in motion sickness in the DOG only
- off label use in UK
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Anthistamines:
- H1 and H2 in CRTZ
- Antiallergy
Dolasetron (Anzemet)
- 5HT3 antagonist (CRTZ and periphery)
- usually for cytotoxic drug induced emesis
- much more effective antiemetic than metoclopramide
- expensive
Ondansetron (Zofran)`
- 5HT3 antagonist (CRTZ and periphery)
- usually for cytotoxic drug induced emesis
- much more effective antiemetic than metoclopramide
- expensive
Atropine
Anticholinergic
-Motion sickness (M1 Ant in vestibular apparatus) BUT M2 effects cause severe side effects - delayed gastric emptying, ileus)
Butylscopolamine (Hyoscine)
Anticholinergic
-Motion sickness (M1 Ant in vestibular apparatus) BUT M2 effects cause severe side effects - delayed gastric emptying, ileus)
Propantheline
Anticholinergic
-Motion sickness (M1 Ant in vestibular apparatus) BUT M2 effects cause severe side effects - delayed gastric emptying, ileus)
Isopropamide
Anticholinergic
-Motion sickness (M1 Ant in vestibular apparatus) BUT M2 effects cause severe side effects - delayed gastric emptying, ileus)
Nonsystemic antacids
Anti-ulcer
- inexpensive
- oral administration different in V+ patient
- frequent administration ~4hrs = low owner compliance
- treat but DO NOT PREVENT
Cimetidine (Zitac)
- H2 R antagonists
- Anti-ulcer
- effective for gastric ulceration caused by NSAIDs and uraemia (amongst others)
- vet registered
- differ to other H2 R ants in potency, but = effective
Sucralfate
Anti-ulcer
Misoprostol (Cytotec)
Anti-ulcer
- Synthetic PGE2
- Management/prevention of NSAID tox
- Causes abortion in humans (morning after pill)
Omeprazole (Losec)
Anti-ulcer
Ranitidine (Zantac)
- H2 R antagonists
- Anti-ulcer
- effective for gastric ulceration caused by NSAIDs and uraemia (amongst others)
- differ to other H2 R ants in potency, but = effective
- prokinetic
Famotidine (Pepcid)
- H2 R antagonists
- Anti-ulcer
- effective for gastric ulceration caused by NSAIDs and uraemia (amongst others)
- differ to other H2 R ants in potency, but = effective
Apomorphine
- NOT morphine!
- D2 Ag
- Potent emetic in the dog
Xylazine
- A2 Ag
- Sedative
- Potent emetic in cats
Prochlorperazine
- A2 blocker
- Potent antiemetic in cats
Kaolin
- Absorbant/prtectant for diarrhoea?
Bismuth salicylate
- Absorbant/protectant for diarrhoea
- Avoid in cats
FLunixin meglumine
NSAID analgesic and antipyrexic
Moxidectin
Wormer
- effective against cyathostomin larvae but causes D+ in its own right
± corticosteroids?
Fenbendazole
WOrmer
- 10mg/kg PO SID 5 days
- effective against cyathostomin larvae but causes D+ in its own right
± corticosteroids
Lactulose
Laxative
Cyclosporine
Immunosupressant
Ketoconazole
Prolongs action of cyclosporine
Methodone
Opioid
Morphine
Opioid
Fentanyl
Opioid
Meloxicam
NSAID
Carprofen
NSAID
Buprenorphine
Partial opioid agonist
Toceranib (Palladia)
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor
- Tx of canine MCT
Masitinib (Masivet)
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor
- Tx of canine MCT
Furosemide (Lasix, Diuride)
- Diuretic for preload reduction in CHF
- blocks Na absorption ascending LOH
- Oral, IV, SC, CRI
> risk: electrolyte disturbance, hypovolaemia, azotaemia
Spironolactone (Prilactone)
- Diuretic indicated as 2* linediuretic - aldosterone blockade beneficial in neurohormonal blockade
- blocks Aldosterone receptors
- oral
> risk: hyperkalaemia
Torasemide
- loop diuretc like furosemide for dogs refrctory to furosemide!
- oral
> risks: electrolyte disturbnace, hypovolaemia, azotaemia (= furosemide)
Thiazides
- diuretics
- block NA absorption in DCT
- oral
- 2/3 line diuretic in end stage heart failure
> risks: electrolyte distturbance, hypovolaemia, azotaemia
Glyceryl Trinitrate (Percutol) and Nitroprusside
- venodilators for emergency management of acute heart failure
- endogenous NO (relax smooth mm.)
- GT percutaneous administration
- Nitroprusside CRI only
> risks hypotension and cyanide toxicity with nitroprusside
ACE inhibitors (Fortekor, Benazecare, Enaguard[enalapril], Vasotop)
- arteriodilators/balanced vasodilators for many diseases in dogs and cats
- block AT2 prduction
- oral administration
> risks: hypotension, renal underperfusion
Pimobendan (Vetmedin)
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and calcium sensitiser
- oral
- preclinical DCM
- heart failure 2* to DCM or DMVD
> risk: effects on heart rate and rhythm
Amlodipine (Istin)
- Calcium channel antagonist
- oral
- antihypertensive
> risk: hypotension
Hydralazine
- Rarely used now
- oral
- 2/3 line vasodilator
> Risk: hypotension
Digoxin (Lanoxine)
- blocks Na/K ATPase
- ^ intracellular calcium
- ^ vagal tone
- inotrope for advanced heart failure, supreventricular arrhythmias eg. atrial fibrillation
- oral and IV (rare)
> Risks: Narrow therapeutic index, pro-arrythmic, GIT side effects
Dobutamine
- short term salvage
- inotrope for acute heart failure management
- b- agonist
- CRI only
> Risks: ^ HR, pro-arrythmia
Diltiazem
- Ca channel antagonist
- oral
- luisitrope or negative chronotrope to enhance diastolic function
- HCM in cats (ACEI now more commonly used)
- slowing atrial fibrillation
- few side effects
B-blockers (Atenalol, propranolol etc)
- luisitrope or negative chronotrope to enhance diastolic function
- oral
- HCM or HOCM in cats
> risks: bradycardia and induction of heart failure
Quinidine
- class 1A anti arrhythmic
- oral or injectable
- conversion of atrial fibrillation in horses
> risks: GI side effects, tachycardia
Lignocaine
- Class 1B anti arrythmic
- IV injection
- ventricular arrythmias
> risks: GI and neuro side effects
Mexilitine
- Class 1B anti-arrythmic
- oral
- chronic management of ventricular arrythmias
> risks: GI and neuro side effects
Sotalol
- Class III anti-arrythmic with b-blocker effect
- oral
- chronic tx some ventricular arrythmias
> risk: proarrythic
Verapamil
- ca channel agonist
- antiarrythmic
- IV and oral
-tx supraventricular tachycardias
> risk: bradycardia
Aspirin
- anti thrombotic
- preventative for cats at risk of aortic thromboembolism
- inhibits formation of thromboxane in platelets to stop aggregation
- oral
> risk: GI ulceration -> vomiting, haematemesis, interaction with ACEI -> renal compromise
Clopidogrel
- anti thrombotic
- irreversible antagonist of platelet receptor
- inhibits 1* and 2* platelet aggregation
- oral
- some evidence better than aspirin
- prevention of aortic thromboembolism in at risk cats
> risks: GI signs
