Drugs

Question 1

What is the first stage of drug testing

Answer 1

Preclinical drug trials - The drugs are tested using computer models and human cells grown in the laboratory. This allows the efficacy and possible side effects to be tested

Question 2

What is the second stage of drug testing

Answer 2

Animal trials - Drugs that pass the first stage are tested on animals. In the UK, new medicines have to undergo these tests. A typical test involves giving a known amount of the substance to the animals, then monitoring them carefully for any side-effects.

Question 3

What is the third stage of drug trials

Answer 3

Drugs that have passed animal tests are used in clinical trials. They are tested on healthy volunteers to check that they are safe. The substances are then tested on people with the illness to ensure that they are safe and that they work.

Question 4

How are monoclonal antibodies made

Answer 4

1-an antigen is injected into a mouse
2-the mouse produces lymphocytes
3-spleen cel,s that make the lymphocytes are removed in an operation
4-the spleen cells are fused with myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells
5-These hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen

Question 5

What are some of the uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 5

They are used In pregnancy tests as they can bind to a certain hormone in the pregnant woman’s urine they pregnant people produce

Question 6

Placebo

Answer 6

any treatment that has no active properties, such as a sugar pill. There are

Question 7

Blind trial

Answer 7

Where the patient doesn’t know if they are taking the real or the placebo drug

Question 8

Double blind drug trial

Answer 8

Where neither the patient nor the doctors knows if they are being given the placebo drug