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FINAL. OPT 226A. Pharm > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Bepotastine

A

ANTI-HISTAMINE

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2
Q

Emedastine

A

ANTI-HISTAMINE

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3
Q

Levocabastine

A

ANTI-HISTAMINE

Nasal

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4
Q

Alcaftadine

A

ANTI-HISTAMINES + ADJUNCT MAST CELL STABILIZERS

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5
Q

Ketotifen

A

ANTI-HISTAMINES + ADJUNCT MAST CELL STABILIZERS

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6
Q

Olopatadine

A

ANTI-HISTAMINES + ADJUNCT MAST CELL STABILIZERS + INHIBIT OTHER MEDIATORS RELEASED

Maybe does NOT cause mydriasis

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7
Q

Azelastine

A

ANTI-HISTAMINES + ADJUNCT MAST CELL STABILIZERS + INHIBIT OTHER MEDIATORS RELEASED

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8
Q

Epinastine

A

ANTI-HISTAMINES + ADJUNCT MAST CELL STABILIZERS + INHIBIT OTHER MEDIATORS RELEASED

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9
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

1ST-GEN ANTI-HISTAMINE

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10
Q

Promethazine

A

1ST-GEN ANTI-HISTAMINE

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11
Q

Chlorpheniramine

A

1ST-GEN ANTI-HISTAMINE

Weakly sedating

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12
Q

Loratadine

A

2ND GEN ANTI-HISTAMINES

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13
Q

Desloratadine

A

2ND GEN ANTI-HISTAMINES

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14
Q

Fexofenadine

A

2ND GEN ANTI-HISTAMINES

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15
Q

Cetirizine

A

2ND GEN ANTI-HISTAMINES

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16
Q

Cromolyn

A

MAST CELL STABILIZER

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17
Q

Lodoxamide

A

MAST CELL STABILIZER

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18
Q

Neodocromil

A

MAST CELL STABILIZER + INHIBIT OTHER MEDIATORS

More rapid onset

SE - Nasal congestion, HA

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19
Q

Pemirolast

A

MAST CELL STABILIZER + INHIBIT OTHER MEDIATORS (Eosinophils)

SE - Flu-like symptoms

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20
Q

Omalizumab

A

ANTI-IGE ANTIBODY

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21
Q

Phenylephrine

A

DECONGESTANT

Dose is 10-20x lower than Dx formula

SE - Slight mydriasis

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22
Q

Naphazoline

A

IMIDAZOLE

Visine

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23
Q

Oxymetazoline

A

IMIDAZOLE

Visine

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24
Q

Tetrahydrozoline

A

IMIDAZOLE

Tachyphylaxis

(Visine)

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25
Q

Pegaptanib

A

ANTI-VEGF

RNA aptamer

SE - Blepharitis, Conjunctivitis, Bronchitis / HA, nausea / Diarrhea, UTI

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26
Q

Bevacizumab

A

(Avastin)

ANTI-VEGF

Full-length antibody

Tx - Orig for colon cancer, (OL) - Neovascular glaucoma&raquo_space; Used off-label (cheaper)

SE - (>) Systemic SE (clots, CHF, GI)

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27
Q

Ranibizumab

A

(Lucentis)

ANTI-VEGF

Fragment of antibody (Smaller molecular size - More specific affinity for VEGF)

Tx - Wet AMD, Diabetic macular edema (DME), Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)

SE - (<) Systemic SE (b/c shorter systemic half life), so FDA-approved / Conj, ret hemorrhage, cataract

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28
Q

Aflibercept

A

ANTI-VEGF

VEGF receptor fragment fused to IgG

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29
Q

Verteporfin

A

PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY

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30
Q

Flurbiprofen

A

More COX-1 selective NSAID

Tx - Inhibit intraoperative miosis, (OL) - Post-op inflammation, Uveitis

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31
Q

Suprofen

A

More COX-1 selective NSAID

Tx - Inhibit intraoperative miosis, (OL) - Contact lens GPS

SE - Sig renal SE, so NOT Rx in US anymore

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32
Q

Ketorolac

A

More COX-1 selective NSAID

Tx - Post-op inflammation/pain, Seasonal allergic conj, (OL) - Post-op cystoid mac edema

SE - Oc irritation, Delayed wound healing

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33
Q

Aspirin

A

More COX-1 selective NSAID

Acetylation of COX (irreversible - wait 5-7 days to produ new platelets to regain platelet function), Release of salicylate antioxidant - (dec) Insertion of O2 necess to make PGs

Tx - (Low dose) - Analgesic, Change in platelet activity - (Dec) risk for CVA/MI, Colon/Prostate cancer vs. (High dose) - Anti-inflammatory

SE - (In children) - Reye’s syndrome (fatal liver/brain disease)

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34
Q

Bromfenac

A

More COX-2 selective NSAID

Tx - Post-op inflammation/pain

SE - Sig systemic SE, Corneal melt

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35
Q

Nepafenac

A

More COX-2 selective NSAID

Tx - Post-op inflammation/pain

SE - Sig systemic SE

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36
Q

Diclofenac

A

More COX-2 selective NSAID

Tx - Inhibit intraoperative miosis, Post-op inflammation/pain, (OL) - Post-op cystoid mac edema, Allergies

SE - Oc irritation, Corneal melt

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37
Q

Rofecoxib

A

(Vioxx)

More COX-2 selective NSAID

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38
Q

Meloxicam

A

More COX-2 selective NSAID

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39
Q

Acetaminophen / Paracetamol

A

(NOT) anti-inflammatory (does NOT inhibit COX)

Tx - Post-op pain, Pain during pregnancy (b/c does NOT affect platelets/wound healing/COX expressed by fetus)

SE - (esp w/ alcohol) - Liver toxicity, (in children - taken during early years of life) - Inc risk for asthma/rhinoconjunctivitis/eczema, (Lethal) to snakes

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40
Q

Fentanyl

A

OPIOID

Strong (u receptor) agonist

Tx - Mod/Severe pain, Anesthesia

SE - Uncontrolled vomiting

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41
Q

Remifentanil

A

OPIOID

Strong (u receptor) agonist

IV (b/c potent, short-acting)

Tx - Mod/Severe pain, Anesthesia (quick recovery)

SE - Uncontrolled vomiting

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42
Q

Meperidine

A

OPIOID

Strong (u receptor) agonist, Anti-M

Tx - Mod/Severe pain

SE - NO miosis

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43
Q

Heroin

A

OPIOID

Strong (u receptor) agonist

Tx - Mod/Severe pain

SE - Euphoria (Addiction), so NOT Rx in US anymore

44
Q

Methadone

A

OPIOID

Strong (u receptor) agonist

Tx - Mod/Severe pain, Heroin substi (Break heroin addiction)

45
Q

Morphine

A

OPIOID
(From opium plant)

Strong (u receptor) agonist, Strong (k receptor) agonist

Tx - Mod/Severe pain

46
Q

Oxycodone

A

OPIOID

Mild/mod (u receptor) agonist

Tx - Mild/Mod pain, BUT reserved for severe pain

SE - Euphoria (Addiction)

47
Q

(Di)hydrocodone

A

OPIOID

Mild/mod (u receptor) agonist

Tx - Mild/Mod pain, Pain in keratitis

48
Q

Propoxyphene

A

OPIOID

Weak (u receptor) agonist

Tx - Mild/Mod pain

49
Q

Codeine

A

OPIOID
(Morphine prodrug)

Partial (u receptor) agonist

Tx - Mild/Mod pain, Pain in keratitis

SE - Less addictive

50
Q

Pentazocine

A

OPIOID

Partial (u receptor) agonist, Strong (k receptor) agonist

Tx - Mod/Severe pain

51
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

OPIOID

Cough suppressant

52
Q

Pholcodine

A

OPIOID

Cough suppressant

53
Q

Nalbuphine

A

OPIOID

Strong (k receptor) agonist, (u receptor) ANtagonist

Tx - Mod pain

54
Q

Buprenorphine

A

OPIOID

Partial (u receptor) agonist, (k receptor) ANtagonist, (delta receptor) ANtagonist

Tx - Mod/Severe pain

55
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid ANtagonist

(u, k, delta) ANtagonist

Tx - Opioid overdose

56
Q

Naltrexone

A

Opioid ANtagonist

(u, k, delta) ANtagonist

Tx - Break heroin addiction

57
Q

Tramadol

A

OPIOID

Weak (u receptor) agonist, Serotonin and NE reuptake inhibitor

Tx - Mod/Severe pain, Pain in keratitis

58
Q

Sulfonamides

A

FOLATE SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

(BacterioSTATIC) - (Mimics PABA) - Compete for use of Dihydropteroate synthetase - (dec) use of enyme to break down PABA

59
Q

Trimethoprim

A

FOLATE SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

(BacterioSTATIC) - (Mimics Folate) - Compete for use of Dihydrofolate reductase - (dec) use of enzyme to break down folate

Tx - Broad spectrum / First-line Tx in kids / Against H. influenza, Strep pneumonia

SE - Very well-tolerated

60
Q

Cycloserine

A

CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

Prevent lengthening of peptide side-chain of cell wall building block (inside cell)

61
Q

Bacitracin

A

CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

(BacteriCIDAL) - Prevent phosphate release to form functional carrier (across lipophilic cell membrane)

Tx - (Gram +) / First-line antibiotic for blepharitis

SE - Severe syst toxicity - Nephrotoxicity&raquo_space; Renal failurue (but good oc drug b/c haven’t build up systemic resistance)

62
Q

Vancomycin

A

CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

Prevent release of last peptide to attach to existing cell wall lattice

Tx - Against Gram (+), Last-line antibiotic

SE - Oxotoxicity, Nephrotoxiciity

63
Q

Penicillins

A

BETA-LACTAMS

May be penicillinase-resistant (against bacteria’s resistance)

IV - Req clearance via renal system (odor of urine) / If (oral) - Would be destroyed by gastric acid (unless acid-resistant)

64
Q

Cephalosporins

A

BETA-LACTAMS

65
Q

Tetracyclines

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

(on 30 S ribosomal subunit) Compete w/ tRNA for A site

Gram (+) and Gram (-)

SE - Inactivated by Ca (NOT taken w/ dairy), Permanent teath discoloration

66
Q

Tobramycin

A

AMINOGLYCOSIDE

67
Q

Gentamycin

A

AMINOGLYCOSIDE

BacteriCIDAL at therapeutic level, BUT similar to static drugs

Tx - Oxotoxicity - Most common cause of pediatric deafness

68
Q

Neomycin

A

AMINOGLYCOSIDE

69
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

(on 50 S) Inhibit transpeptidation (from peptide chain on tRNA on P-site&raquo_space; tRNA on A-site)

(NOT used in US)

Tx - Broad spectrum

SE - Sig bone marrow depression - Aplastic anemia (rare, but lethal SE)

70
Q

Puromycin

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

(on 50 S) Resembeles aa end of tRNA&raquo_space; Premature termination of peptide chain

SE - Also affects human cells

71
Q

Erythromycin

A

MACROLIDES

72
Q

Clazithromycin

A

MACROLIDES

More sensitive to H. influenza - Gram (-)

73
Q

Azithromycin

A

MACROLIDES

More sensitive to H. influenza - Gram (-)

74
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

DNA GYRASE/TOPOISOMERASE IV INHIBITORS

(BacteriCIDAL) - Inhibit DNA gyrase (Gram -) - Convert supercoil to neg supercoil for rep, transcription, and Topoisomerase IV (Gram +) - sep double rings into single rings (BUT prone to reisstance)

(AUC/MIC) - Conc and Time-dep - Topical, Req loading dose (High initial conc to (dec) bacterial conc/cell damage&raquo_space; Reduce to maintenance dose) for 7 days overall

Tx - Broad spectrum - Against Gram (+) and (-) / Bacterial conjunctivitis, keratitis

SE - Gen well-tolerated BUT (inc) anticoagulation - Excessive bleeding / NOT affect Topoisomerase II (in humans w/ similar function to DNA gyrase)

75
Q

Polymyxin B

A

CELL MEMBRANE INHIBITORS

(inc) Cell membrane permeability (leakage) &raquo_space; (inc) H2O uptake

Topical

Tx - Against Gram (-)

SE - Neuro-toxicity, Nephro-toxicity

76
Q

Gramicidin

A

CELL MEMBRANE INHIBITORS

Tx - Against Gram (-)

SE - Neuro-toxicity, Nephro-toxicity

77
Q

Acyclovir

A

DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITORS

(Prodrug) - Acyclo-GTP affinity for viral DNA&raquo_space; Premature chain termination

Oral, IV, topical (Poor water solubility)

Tx - Against HSV, VZV

SE - Toxic to corneal epi (Non-preserved lubricant)

78
Q

Ganciclovir

A

DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITORS

Poor oral absorption- In intravitreal implant

Tx - Against CMV, Herpatic keratitis

79
Q

Trifluridine

A

DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITORS

Tx - Viral keratitis

80
Q

Natamycin

A

MACROLIDE POLYENE

(ONLY antifungal drug available)

Effective at low conc

Food preservative - Low water solubility (not absorbed in GI)

Tx - Fungal keratitis (against Aspergillus, Fusarium)

81
Q

Amphotericin B

A

MACROLIDE POLYENE

IV

Highly protein-bound&raquo_space; Poor tissue penetration

Tx - Fungal keratitis (caused by yeast)

82
Q

Nystatin

A

MACROLIDE POLYENE

IV

Highly protein-bound&raquo_space; Poor tissue penetration

Tx - Fungal keratitis (caused by yeast)

83
Q

Betaxolol

A

(Betoptic)

BETA-BLOCKERS for glaucoma

Beta1-selective, Block Ca channel&raquo_space; Neuroprotective - (inc) blood flow to ONH

Tx - NOT (dec) IOP as much, but can (dec) glaucoma prog

SE - Sting (esp if NOT in suspension), Least respiratory distress

84
Q

Metipranolol

A

(OptiPranolol)

BETA-BLOCKERS for glaucoma

Non-selective

(inc) duration

85
Q

Timolol

A

Timoctic-XE (gel forming solution&raquo_space; can be admin qd vs. bid)

BETA-BLOCKERS for glaucoma

Non-selective

Tx - Contralateral effect&raquo_space; other eye / (Chronic use) - (inc) tol w/ Br or NP (non-preserved)

SE - Allergies (rare)

86
Q

Levobunolol

A

(Betagan)

BETA-BLOCKERS for glaucoma, Active metabolite

Non-selective

Tx - (>) duration, (Chronic use) - (inc) efficacy

SE - (>) side effects, Allergies (rare)

87
Q

Carteolol

A

(Ocupress)

BETA-BLOCKERS for glaucoma
Non-selective, Partial agonist (antagonist against endogenous) - Intrinsic sympathoMIMETIC activity

SE - (<) side effects, Membrane stabilizing activity (MSA) - Local anaesthetic (dec) corneal sensitivity

88
Q

Aproclonidine

A

(Iopidine)

ALPHA-2 AGONISTS for glaucoma

Slightly alpha-2 selective (act sig on alpha-1)

Extreme tachyphylaxis

Tx - Initial Tx for ACG, Short-term control prior to glaucoma surgery, Post-op/dilation/cycloplegia IOP spikes

Sig SE - Allergy, Dry mouth, Conj blanching (VC), Eyelid retraction, Mydriasis (slight alpha-1 effect)

89
Q

Brimonidine

A

(Alphagan)

ALPHA-2 AGONISTS for glaucoma

Alpha-2 selective, Block Ca channel&raquo_space; Neuroprotective - (inc) blood flow to ONH, (>) lipid solubility, (>) melanin binding (depot potential)

Maybe purite preserved - (inc) oc penetration

Tx - OAG

SE - (>) CNS, anti-HTN side effects, Miosis, Fatigue, HA, (NOT) For pregnant women - (ONLY) Category B glaucoma drug- (All others - Category C)

90
Q

Dorzolamide

A

Trusoft

CAI

Topical

91
Q

Cosoft

A

Dozorlamide + Timolol

92
Q

Brinzolamide

A

Azopt

CAI

(Potent)

Topical

93
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Diamox

CAI

More protein bound, Affect acid-base bal

Oral / IV

SE - Fatigue, Vomiting

94
Q

Methazolamide

A

Neptazine

CAI

(More potent), Resorption (longer action)

Oral / IV

SE - Better tolerated, but Steven-Johnson syndrome (epidermis sep from dermis) - esp in Japanese

95
Q

Pilocarpine

A

MIOTIC

Muscarinic-agonist

Short duration (4x a day dosing)

Tx - ACG - But does NOT effective at high IOP > 60 mmHg (cut off vascular supply to sphincter - sphincter does NOT work to (inc) outflow) / Control diurnal fluctuations

SE - Allergies

96
Q

Carbachol

A

MIOTIC

Muscarinic/Nicotinic-agonist

(Potent), () Duration

Tx - Also miotic for surgery

SE - (>) Oc SE

97
Q

Echothiophate

A

MIOTIC

(Irrev) Anticholinesterase

(Potent), (>) Duration

Tx - (>) Control over diurnal fluctuations

SE - Iris cysts, pigment dispersion, cataracts

98
Q

Dipivefrin

A

Alpha/Beta-Agonists / Prodrug for epinephrine (adrenaline)

Non-selective / Metabolized quickly as pass through cornea

(>) duration

Tx - (Inc) (mostly conventional) outflow / Transient early (inc) in aq produ

SE - (Sig Oc SE) Stinging, allergy, mac edema, NO adenochrome deposits (as w/ epinephrine)

99
Q

Latanoprost

A

(Xalatan)

PGA / Prodrug

PGF2-alpha analogue

Unstable (refrigerate)

100
Q

Travoprost

A

Travatan vs. Travatan Z (using SofZia as preservative < harmful to ocular surface than BAK)

PGA / Prodrug

PGF2-alpha analogue

101
Q

Tafluprost

A

Zioptan (NP)

PGA / Prodrug

PGF2-alpha analogue

102
Q

Bimatoprost

A

Lumigan, Latisse (used cosmetically for hypertrichosis, but still SE - darker periorbital dermis)

PGA / Prodrug

PGF2-alpha analogue / Prostamide analogue

Most cost-effective

103
Q

Unoprostone

A

Rescula

PGA / Prodrug (Active metabolite)

PGF2-alpha analogue / Partial agonist - Act on K channels / Block Ca channel&raquo_space; Neuroprotective - (inc) blood flow to ONH

(<) Potent (2x day dosing)

Tx - NOT (dec) IOP as much, but can (dec) glaucoma prog

SE - (Mild Oc SE) - SPK

104
Q

Glycerol

A

HYPEROSMOTIC AGENT

Metabolized to glucose, Rel weak penetration

Oral

105
Q

Isosorbide

A

HYPEROSMOTIC AGENT

Penetrates cells

Oral

106
Q

Mannitol

A

HYPEROSMOTIC AGENT

Weak penetration

IV

SE - Ok for diabetes / NOT for kidney disease

FINAL. OPT 226A. Pharm (3 decks)

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