Drugs Flashcards by Katelyn Kosti

POSITIVE INOTROPIC
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE
- Tx of heart failure
- Semi toxic
- Narrow therapeutic index
- Increase strength of contraction
- Slows HR by blocking enzymes that reduce sodium ions during repolarization

Digoxin

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POSITIVE INOTROPIC
CATECHOLAMINE
- Increase strength of heart contractions
- Increase HR + BP
- IV ONLY when heart stopped
SNS to widen bronchioles

Epinephrine

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POSITIVE INOTROPIC
CATECHOLAMINE
- Tx productions
- Tx cardiac disorders during procedures
- heart slowed down
- slow CRI while heart is still beating

Dopamine + Dobutamine

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POSITIVE INOTROPIC
BENZIMIDAZOLE PYRIDAZINONES
- negative chronotropic (slows rate)
- vasodilator
- Tx chronic heart disease conditions
- anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea

Pimobendan

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(mild) POSITIVE INOTROPIC
METHYLXANTHINES
- Tx resp disease and better oxygen in CHF patients
- primarily bronchodilator (increase size)
- inhibits the enzymes that suppresses compound to complete cell relaxation and tissue dilation
- Tx major SYMPTOMS of heart disease (not the heart directly)

Aminophylline
Theophylline

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VASODILATOR
- arteriolar dilator
- reduces peripheral resistance resulting in improved cardiac output
- side effects : hypotension and vomiting

Hydralazine

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VASODILATOR
- topical venodilator
- reduces preload
- wear gloves

Nitroglycerin

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VASODILATOR
- block alpha-adrenergic receptors
- dilates all vessels
- decreases BP
- Tx urinary retention

Prazosin

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ACE INHIBITOR
- decrease BP (decrease production of angiotensin 2)
- causes vasodilation (potent)
- inhibits activity of ACE
- Tx CHF and hypertension in chronic renal failure cats

Enalapril
Benazepril

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CLASS IA ANTIARRHYTHMICS
- Tx atrial and ventricular arrhythmias by reducing electrical sensitivity in heart cells
- DO NOT COMBINE WITH OTHER ANTIARRHYTHMICS

Quinidine
Procainamide

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CLASS IB ANTIARRHYTHMICS
- NEAT
- Tx ventricular arrhythmias
- given IV for emerg
- local anesthetic
- block entrance of sodium into cells, preventing depolarization
- purkinjie fibres initiate contractions rather than SA node

Lidocaine

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CLASS 2 BETA BLOCKERS
- Tx AV arrhythmias by blocking SNS actions
- negative inotropic and chronotropic
- slows HR
- decrease force of contraction
- reduces BP
- caution in animals with severe heart disease ( SNS compensation may be crucial in their ability to move blood through body)

Propranolol
Atenolol

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CLASS IV CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
- Tx supraventricular arrhythmias and hypertension
- high BP in dogs and cats
- blood vessels relax
- blocks channels that permit entry of calcium ions through cardiac cell membranes

Amlodipine

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CLASS IV CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
- Tx hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats

Diltiazem

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DIURETIC
- rapid onset of action, short duration
- transports sodium through kidney and loop of Henle
- increase of excretion of electrolytes
- Tx edema and effusion very effectively
- may cause hypokalemia
- loop diuretic

Furosemide

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DIURETIC
- potassium sparing
- hormone causes tubules of kidney to retain sodium and water
- increase excretion of water and sodium
- decrease excretion of potassium
- aldosterone antagonist

Spironolactone

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DIURETIC
- promotes diuresis by excreting high osmotic pressure in kidney and tubules and limiting tubular reabsorption
- IV
- Tx oliguric acute renal failure
- reduce intracranial pressure after head trauma

Mannitol

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EMETIC
CENTRALLY ACTING EMETIC
- stimulating dopamine receptors in the vomiting centre in the brain
- IV
- IM
- tablet in the eye conjunctiva

Apomorphine

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EMETIC
CENTRALLY ACTING EMETIC
- stimulate dopamine receptors in the vomiting centre of the brain
- used for sedation but have emetic side effects

Xylazine, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone

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EMETIC
LOCALLY ACTING EMETIC
- irritates GI lining tract
- rush of aspiration pneumonia or gastric ulcers
- not always effective

Hydrogen peroxide

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ANTIEMETIC
PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE
- block dopamine receptors in the CRTZ
- tranq most often used for antiemetic effects

Chlorpromazine

ANTIEMETIC
PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE
- block dopamine receptors in the CRTZ
- tranq, less commonly used for antiemetic properties

Acepromazine

ANTIEMETIC
PROCAINAMIDE DERIVATIVE
- Reglan
- central and local effects
- decrease stimulation of trigger zone in brain
- relaxed pyloric outflow track of stomach
- increase motility of duodenum and jejunum
- Tx of gastritis
- CRI to Tx ileus post intestinal surgery

Metoclopramide

ANTIHISTAMINE
- gravol
- inhibit vomiting at CRTZ
- best for motion sickness

Dimenhydrinate

ANTIHISTAMINE - Benadryl - inhibit vomiting at CRTZ - best for motion sickness

Diphenhydramine

ANTIEMETIC SEROTONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST - blocks serotonin in CRTZ and catalyst nerve terminals for strong antiemetic effects - used in chemo and parvo patients

Ondansetron

ANTIEMETIC NEUROKININ RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST - Cerenia - blocks a key neurotransmitter - used for acute vomiting, motion sickness, and chemo - lasts 24hrs - IV - SQ - PO

Maropitant citrate

ANTIULCER AGENT H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST - decrease formation of gastric liquid in volume, acidity, and pepsin content - competitive antagonist for histamine at H2 receptors on parietal cells - Tx ulcers, gastritis, and pancreatitis

Ranitidine

Famotidine

ANTIULCER AGENT PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR - bind to parietal cells to proven hydrogen ions from being pumped into the stomach (= less acid) - tablet

Omeprazole

ANTIULCER AGENT PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR - bind to parietal cells to proven hydrogen ions from being pumped into the stomach (= less acid) - IV

Pantoprazole

ANTIULCER AGENT GASTROMUCOSAL PROTECTANT - forms paste-like substance that binds with proteins in surfaces of ulcers to provide and protective barriers - binds with under and whole stomach • don’t take with other meds or food • stops absorption of other items

Sucralfate

ANTIULCER AGENT PROSTAGLADIN E1 ANALOGUES - directly inhibit parietal cells from secreting hydrogen ions into the stomach - increase stomach mucus production and bicarbonate (neutralizes acid) Wear gloves! •may cause abortion (dilates cervix)

Misoprostol

GI STIMULANT - also antiemetic effects - avoid using if obstructed (foreign body, neoplasm, intussception) - increase motility of upper GIT (constipation) - sensitized cells to the effects of acetylcholine

Metoclopromide

GI STIMULANT APPETITE STIMULANT - diazepam - midazolam - stimulates appetite as a side effect in cats - not useful in dogs

Benzodiazepines

GI STIMULANT APPETITE STIMULANT - pro kinetic used for appetite stimulation in cats - no longer available in NA, can get it compounded

Cisapride

GI STIMULANT APPETITE STIMULANT - tricyclic antidepressant with profound appetite on most dogs and cats - oral administration once every 3 days

Mirtazapine

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT SYNTHETIC NARCOTICS - Imodium - very weak opioid - poorly penetrated CNS (no analgesia) - decreases secretion from intestinal wall - decreases motility - off label use in animals - helps with opioid withdrawal

Loperamide

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT PROTECTANT - pepto-bismol - reduce irritation (coats) and prevent absorption of toxins (bind) - aspirin-like = not safe in cats

Kaolin and bismuth salts

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT ADSORBENT COMPOUND - ADsorbent, binds toxins - used to Tx poisons - gathers toxins to follow out of the GIT

Activated charcoal

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT ANTIMICROBIAL - flagyl - diarrhea due to bacteria or protozoa (giardia, e.coli) - decrease inflammation in colon

Metronidazole

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT - when diarrhea is result of inflammation, allergy, or disease process (IBD)

Azathioprine

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT - prednisone - prednisolone - when diarrhea is result of inflammation, allergy, or disease process (IBD)

Corticosteroids

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT SUPPLEMENTS - viokase - when inability to digest fats, carbs, or proteins - diet change also possibly required - supplies digestive enzyme to patients with pancreatic insufficiency

Pancrelipase

LAXATIVE - lactulose - have poorly absorbed magnesium/phosphate anions - attract water into colon - softens stool and stimulates stretch receptors to begin peristalsis

Saline

LAXATIVE BULK PRODUCING AGENTS - plant material that is indigestible - draws water into colon and stimulate peristalsis

Canned pumpkin Metamucil

LAXATIVE LUBRICANT - mineral oil or petroleum based oils - oral or enema - soften stool to ease passage - Tx of hairballs

Laxatone

LAXATIVE SURFACTANTS / STOOL SOFTENER - allow water to penetrate GI contents by reducing surface tension

Docusate Sodium

LAXATIVE IRRITANT / PURGATIVE - ducolax - irritate the gut wall to stimulate peristalsis - not used often

Bisacodyl

RUMEN AGENT RUMINATORIC - stimulate a static rumen

Neostigmine methysulphate

RUMEN AGENT ANTIFROTHING AGENT - control frothy bloat - reduces production of foam - allows to belch, breaks up froth - also a laxative

Dioctylsodium Sulfosuccinate

RUMEN AGENT - control free-gas bloat (non-froth)

Antifermentative