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Phase 2 > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Ca gluconate

A

Increases the threshold of cardiac myocytes to restore cell excitability.
(HyperK tx)

0.5-1.0 ml/kg IV over 10-20 min

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2
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop diuretic. Blocks Na+K+2Cl- symporter in TAL of Henle to decrease Na, K, Cl, and water reabsorption.
(pulmonary edema, hyperK, hyperCa Tx)

3-5 mg/kg IV/IM/PO

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3
Q

Calcitonin

A

Osteoclast inhibiting Hormone
(HyperCa tx)

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4
Q

Calcitriol

A

Vitamin D analog
(Maintenance HypoCa tx)

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5
Q

Warfarin

A

Anticoagulant, inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase (which prevents the activation of of active factor 2/7/9/10 and Proteins C and S)

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6
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Anti-platelet drug
Irreversibly blocks ADP binding to P2Y12 receptor on plt –> no activation of plt-plt receptor (GPaIIbIII)–> no fibrinogen binding or sustained aggregation.

3-4 mg/kg po sid

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7
Q

Aspirin

A

Anti-platelet drug.
COX-1 inhibitor –> suppression of TxA2. Irreversible fxl defect in plts.

1 mg/kg PO sid
cats: 5 mg po q72h

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8
Q

Dalteparin, Enoxaparin, Tinzaparin

A

Anticoagulant
Inhibition of factor X&raquo_space; thrombin

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9
Q

Rivaroxaban, Alixaban, Endoxaban

A

Anticoagulant
Direct factor Xa inhibitors

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10
Q

Dabigatran

A

Anticoagulant
Direct thrombin inhibitor, reversible

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11
Q

Desmopressin

A

Prohemostatic. Synthetic ADH. Release of endo stores of vWF via V2 receptors. Also fVIII from plts, plasminogen from endo.

1-4 ug/kg

(vWD prophylactic)

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12
Q

Epsilon-aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid

A

Antifibrinolytics.
Lysine analogues that block binding of plasminogen (stronger binding to plasminogen molecule), antiinflammatory through IL inhibition.

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13
Q

Protamine

A

Binds heparin

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14
Q

Aprotonin

A

Serine protease inhibitor. Basic trypsin inhibitor of bovine pancreas (Synthetic and Bovine)

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15
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic. Freely filtered by glomerulus, no reabsorption, results in an increase in osmotic pressure and water isn’t R. Also results in excretion of NaCl and solutes. (Proximal tubule) and loop of Henle.

Expands ECF–> nc renal blood flow –>inc medullary tonicity –> dec H2O reabsorption in distal tubule –> dec [Na] in ATL –> dec R of Na (passive!)
For kidney transplants: minimized arterial spasm, improves blood flow, protects against warm ischemia period

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16
Q

Bethanechol

A

Muscarinic, Cholinergic Agonist. Direct acting parasympathomimetic.

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17
Q

Ondansetron

A

Serotonin antagonist. Inhibits 5-HT3 receptors. Often used for vomiting due to chemotherapy tx.

Antiemetic

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18
Q

Maropitant

A

NK-1 Antagonist. Blocks neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors (NK-1, or substance p, stimulates emesis from emetic center)

Antiemetic

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19
Q

Pantoprazole/Omeprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor, makes stomach less acidic

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20
Q

Mirtazapine

A

Tri-cyclic antidepressant: Blocks serotonin 5-HT3, 5-HT2, and 5-HT1 receptors Aplha-2 antagonist, inc intestinal motility, gastric emptying, colon transit times

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21
Q

Theophylline/Aminophylline

A

Bronchodilator
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor –> inc cAMP –> inc epinephrine. Relaxes smooth muscle of bronchi and pulmonary vasculature

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22
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Alpha1 –adrenergic antagonist. (Alpha blocker) Binds to receptors to cause relaxation of urethral smooth muscle (internal sphincter). Same net effect of parasympathomimetic

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23
Q

Lidocaine

A

Na Channel Blocker (Class I), suppresses cardiac automaticity.

Antiarrhythmic, Local Anesthetic, Prokinetic

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24
Q

Erythromycin

A

Stimulates GI motility by stimulating motilin receptors to inc smooth muscle activity

Antibiotic, Prokinetic (Gastric emptying)

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25
Q

Ranitidine

A

Blocks H2 receptors of parietal cells Histamine (H2) antagonist.

Antacid and pro kinetic

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26
Q

Cisapride

A

Benzamide pro kinetic. Agonist of 5-HT4 receptor and antagonist at 5-HT3. May enhance release of Ach at myenteric plexus –> contraction of smooth muscle

Prokinetic (entire GIT)

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27
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Dopa antagonist (D2) in the CRTZ. Not understood, possibly stimulates 5-HT4 receptors or inc acetylcholine in GI tract. Anti dopa (inc cholinergic response in gastric sm muscle).Phenothiazines.

Antiemetic, Prokinetic (duodenal/jejunal peristalsis, amplitude of gastric contraction)

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28
Q

Azathioprine

A

antagonizes purine metabolism by causing breaks in DNA and RNA 2’ to incorporation into nucleic acids & termination of replication process (Purine analog that inhibits purine synthesis, leads to decreased lymphocyte proliferation)

Immunosuppressive

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29
Q

Cytosine arabinoside

A

cytarabine/cytosar
Inhibits DNA polymerase –> inhibits DNA synthesis (S phase)

Antineoplastic/Immunosuppressive

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30
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Inhibits normal T-cell transduction by blocking calcineurin phosphate activity, causing reduced cytokine genes (like IL-2)

Immunosuppressive

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31
Q

Tacrolimus

A

Inhibits normal T-cell transduction by blocking calcineurin phosphate activity, causing reduced cytokine genes (like IL-2)

Immunosuppressive

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32
Q

Mycophenolate

A

Inhibits the enzyme involved in purine synthesis, leads to decreased lymphocyte proliferation. Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) which is needed for de novo synthesis of purines in immune cells.

Immunosuppressive

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33
Q

Procarbazine

A
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34
Q

Abatacept/Belatacept

A

Selectively inhibit T cell activation

Immunosuppressive

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35
Q

Leflunomide

A

Inhibits pyrimidine synthesis and tyrosine kinase at high doses  inhibits T and B cell proliferation, antibody production

Immunosuppressive

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36
Q

Pamidronate/Zoledronate

A

Inhibit boen resorption, inhibit osteoclast activity and induce osteoclast apoptosis

Bisphosphonates

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37
Q

Imatinib/Toceranib/Masitinib

A

Kinase inhibitor, c-kit tumors

Treatment of grade II or III cutaneous mast cell tumors, decreases blood supply (antiangiogenic by inhibiting RTK aka VEGF)

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38
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Alkylates N7 of guanine base of DNA, cytotoxic to rapidly dividing cells (cancer cells and bone marrow). Interferes with DNA replication and RNA translation

Alkylating chemotherapeutic, cell cycle independent

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39
Q

Lomustine

A
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40
Q

Vincristine/Vinblastine/Vinorelbine

A

Inhibits microtubules, anti-mitotic (specifically metaphase)

Vinca alkaloid chemotherapeutic, M phase

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41
Q

Paclitaxel

A
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42
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Damages DNA by inhibition of topoisomerase II (causes breaks in DNA during transcription and cell death), form free radicals

Natural/antibiotic chemotherapeutic, S phase

43
Q

Cisplatin/Carboplatin

A

Alkylates DNA. Binds to N7 of purines causing cross linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Covalently binds to DNA to prevent replication and protein synthesis.

Platinum chemotherapeutic, cell cycle independent

44
Q

Procainamide

A
45
Q

Esmolol

A
46
Q

Nitroprusside

A

Direct vasodilator for intraop hypertension with PCC

47
Q

Hydralazine

A

Direct systemic arterial vasodilator, acts on vascular smooth muscle

Vasodilator, Anti-hypertensive

48
Q

Sildenafil

A

CGMP phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (pulmonary vasculature, corpus covernosum) –> vasodilation

Vasodilator (Pulmonary hypertension), Smooth m relaxant for achalasia?

49
Q

Phentolamine

A

Short acting alpha antagonist

For intraop hypertension with PCC

50
Q

Methimazole

A

Blocks thyroid peroxidase, which will result in no incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin, so less T3 and T4

Hyperthyroid, blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones

51
Q

Propylthiouracil

A

Anti-thyroid agent (thyroperoxidase inhibitor)

52
Q

Prazosin

A

ɑ-adrenergic ANTAGONIST

53
Q

Phenylpropanolamine

A

Adrenergic alpha and (beta) agonist. Sympathomimetic. Acts on urethral smooth muscle to increase the tone of the urethra and allows for filling (relaxation of the detrusor)

54
Q

Amantidine

A

Unknown, increases DOPA in CNS, NMDA Antagonist.

Antiviral, analgesic

55
Q

Ketoconzaole/Fluconazole/Intraconazole

A

Azole (imidazole), fungistatic. Inhibits CYP450 in fungi, which in turn inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membrane.

Antifungal, Perianal fistulas

56
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Thiazide diuretic. Inhibits apical Na+Cl- symporter in distal tubules thus inhibits Na reabsorption.

57
Q

Spironolactone

A

Aldosterone receptor antagonist. K-sparing diuretic. Inhibits Na reabsorption in the distal tubule by competing with aldosterone for it’s receptor (aldosterone causes R of water, Na, and dumps K)

58
Q

Atracurium/Cisatricurium

A

NM blocker. Bind to Ach receptors so Ach can’t bind (competes with Ach), no depolarizing activity and no muscle contraction (non-depolarizing)

59
Q

Diazepam, Midazolam

A

Central acting CNS depressant. GABAa agonist-like (bind to GABA receptor but not where GABA binds), Hyperpolarization, increases Cl- conductance

Bladder expression, Seizures, Premed

60
Q

Neostigmine, Edrophonium

A

Reverse NM Blockers Cholinesterase inhibitor. Antimyasthenic. Inhibits enzyme that metabolizes Ach (prolongs Ach action).

61
Q

Atropine/Glycopyrrolate

A

Anticholinergic, parasympatholytic. Blocks Ach at the muscarinic receptor to increase heart rate.

62
Q

Dopamine

A

Adrenergic and Dopamine agonist. Dopa is a NT and precursor for NE.

Low doses- DA1 receptors which increases cAMP in smooth muscle cells to cause relaxation/vasodilation.

Moderate doses- adrenergic agonist

High doses- alpha1 receptor causing vasoconstriction.

63
Q

Dobutamine

A

Adrenergic agonist- B1 and (B2). Sympathomimetic. Improve contractility WITHOUT increasing HR.

64
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenergic agonist- nonselective for alpha and beta.

65
Q

Pimobendan

A

Inodilator.
Sensitizes cardiac contractile apparatus to intracellular Ca, Vasodilation- inhibits Phosphodiesterase III (PDE, which increases intracellular cAMP and causes)

66
Q

Amlodipine

A

Ca channel blocker in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle- vasodilator

Anti-hypertensive

67
Q

Benazepril/Enalapril

A

ACE inhibitor, inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotension II (which is a potent vasoconstrictor), this also dec Na and water R, ACE inhibitors also increase the concentration of kinins and prostaglandins.

68
Q

Dilitazem

A

Ca channel blocker of voltage dependent slow channel blocker. Negative chonotropic effects, negative inotropic effects

69
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Alpha1 Adrenergic Agonist, vascular smooth muscle contraction

70
Q

Amiodarone

A

AntiarrhythmicK channel blockers (Class III) in cardiac tissues. Prolongs action potential duration, delays myocardial repolarization, delays refractory period.

71
Q

Propanolol/Atenolol

A

Beta-adrenergic blocker. Antenolol is Beta1 only.

72
Q

Albuterol/Terbutaline

A

Beta2 adrenergic agonist. Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and may inhibit release of inflammatory mediators (mast cells). Sitmulate Na/K pump

Bronchodilator, Moves K intracellularly

73
Q

Gabapentin

A

Analogue of GABA but not agonist or antagonist (interacts with GABA). Possibly blocks Ca dependent channels (this inhibits the release of NT from presynapse)

Anticonvulsant, Analgesic

74
Q

Galliprant

A

PGE2 EPA-receptors antagonist NSAID (not COX inhibitor)

75
Q

Levetiracetam

A

Not well understood, inhibits burst firing but not normal neuronal excitement.

Anticonvulsant

76
Q

Phenobarbital

A

Barbiturate. Potentiates GABA, which increases Cl- conductance (alters alectrolyte conductance) (Not GABA agonist because it does not bind).

Anticonvulsant

77
Q

Flumazenil

A

Benzo reversal. Antagonizes where benzodiazepines bind.

78
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid antagonist. Competes for opiate receptors (all) and displaces opioids from their receptors, diminishing their effects.

79
Q

Acepromazine

A

Dopa antagonist (central), antimuscarinic, alpha blocker (receptors on smooth muscle.) Results in high vagal tone.

80
Q

Dexmedetomidine

A

Alpha2 agonist. Decreases release of neurotransmitters from the neuron, causes decreased sympathetic outflow, analgesia, sedation, anesthesia.

81
Q

Atipamezole

A

Alpha2 antagonist. Antagonizes action of drugs that stimulate the alpha2 receptor.

82
Q

Isoflurane/Sevoflurane

A

Inhalant anesthetic. MOA unclear. Disrupt neural transmission. General reversible depression of CNS

83
Q

Alfaxalone

A

GABA Enhancer. Synthetic neuroactive steroid that interacts with GABA receptors in the CNS to produce anesthesia and muscle relaxation. Induction agent.

Induction

84
Q

Etomidate

A

Probably GABA enhancer. Induction agent.

85
Q

Propofol

A

Probably GABA enhancer. Rapid induction, smooth recovery. Induction agent.

86
Q

Ketamin, Tiletamine + Zolazepam

A

Dissociative. Mild analgesic- noncompetitive antagonist for the NMDA receptor. Prevents Na and Ca influx and K efflux

87
Q

Misoprostol

A

Synthetic prostaglandin

GI ulcers

88
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

Blocks H1 receptors in the vomiting and vestibular center (dramamine)

Antiemetic, Antihistamine

89
Q

Sucralfate

A

Dissociates into sucrose octasulfate and aluminum hydroxide- forms a visous substance that protects mucosa by preventing back diffusion of H+ ions, inactivates pepsin, adsorbs bile acid.

Coating Agent. Gastric mucosa protectant, Antiulcer agent, Cytoprotectant

90
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine muscle contraction, distrupts luteolysis by stimulating PGF2-alpha (uness given prior to luteolysis) and prolongs CL function

Involution of uterus, bleeding from uterus

91
Q

Finasteride

A

Synthetic steroid type II 5 alpha reductase inhibitor. Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Antiandrogen.

BPH

92
Q

Desoxycorticosterone pilavate

A

Mineralocorticoid with no glucocorticoid activity. Mimicks aldosterone to increase Na reabsorption. Fludrocortisone is a glucocorticoid with some mineralocorticoid activity.

HOC

93
Q

Trilostane

A

Inhibits 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (which converts pregnenolone to 17_alpha hydroxyprogesterone (a cortisol precursor))
Reversibly inhibits enzymatic conversion of DHEA into steroids, used for hyperadrenocortacism. Adrenal suppressant. Will affect the synthesis of aldosteroe, corticosterone, androstendione and pregnenolone to progesterone

HAC

94
Q

Mitotane

A

Selective destruction of zona fasciulata and reticularis (but leaves glomerulosa so you don’t have aldosterone problems)

HAC

95
Q

Mexiletine

A

Class 1B antiarrhymthmic similar to lidocaine. Inhibits Na channels to reduce the rise of the action potential

96
Q

Lactulose

A

Disaccharide, metabolized by bacteria –> LMW organic acids to increase intralumina colloid pressure —> water drawn into bowel

Osmotic –> decreases transport time –> less ammonia made.
Acidifies –> traps ammonia as ammonium , decreased bacterial numbers

97
Q

Octreotide

A

somatostatin analogue that supresses gastrin secretion and insulin synthesis

98
Q

Streptozocin

A

nitrocourea antibiotic that kill beta cells

99
Q

Diazoxide

A

Benxothiadiazine derivative. Inhibits insulin secretion, stimulate gluconeogensosi/genolusis and inhibits use of glucose

100
Q

Doxapram

A

Central stimulant to inc RR and tidal volume, inc activity in the breathing center of the medulla, reflex activation of carotid/aortic chemoreceptors
1.1 mg/kg IV

101
Q

Chitosan

A

sugar that comes from the outer skeleton of shellfish, used for chronic wounds and inhibits scar formation

102
Q

Mitomycin C

A

alkylating chemo drug that can be used to decrease scar formation

103
Q

Dinoprost

A

PGF2alpha –> contraction of myometrium and relaxation of cervix (medical mgmt of pro)

Phase 2 (4 decks)

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