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Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Ca gluconate

A

Increases the threshold of cardiac myocytes to restore cell excitability.
(HyperK tx)

0.5-1.0 ml/kg IV over 10-20 min

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2
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop diuretic. Blocks Na+K+2Cl- symporter in TAL of Henle to decrease Na, K, Cl, and water reabsorption.
(pulmonary edema, hyperK, hyperCa Tx)

3-5 mg/kg IV/IM/PO

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3
Q

Calcitonin

A

Osteoclast inhibiting Hormone
(HyperCa tx)

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4
Q

Calcitriol

A

Vitamin D analog
(Maintenance HypoCa tx)

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5
Q

Warfarin

A

Anticoagulant, inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase (which prevents the activation of of active factor 2/7/9/10 and Proteins C and S)

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6
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Anti-platelet drug
Irreversibly blocks ADP binding to P2Y12 receptor on plt –> no activation of plt-plt receptor (GPaIIbIII)–> no fibrinogen binding or sustained aggregation.

3-4 mg/kg po sid

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7
Q

Aspirin

A

Anti-platelet drug.
COX-1 inhibitor –> suppression of TxA2. Irreversible fxl defect in plts.

1 mg/kg PO sid
cats: 5 mg po q72h

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8
Q

Dalteparin, Enoxaparin, Tinzaparin

A

Anticoagulant
Inhibition of factor X&raquo_space; thrombin

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9
Q

Rivaroxaban, Alixaban, Endoxaban

A

Anticoagulant
Direct factor Xa inhibitors

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10
Q

Dabigatran

A

Anticoagulant
Direct thrombin inhibitor, reversible

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11
Q

Desmopressin

A

Prohemostatic. Synthetic ADH. Release of endo stores of vWF via V2 receptors. Also fVIII from plts, plasminogen from endo.

1-4 ug/kg

(vWD prophylactic)

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12
Q

Epsilon-aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid

A

Antifibrinolytics.
Lysine analogues that block binding of plasminogen (stronger binding to plasminogen molecule), antiinflammatory through IL inhibition.

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13
Q

Protamine

A

Binds heparin

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14
Q

Aprotonin

A

Serine protease inhibitor. Basic trypsin inhibitor of bovine pancreas (Synthetic and Bovine)

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15
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic. Freely filtered by glomerulus, no reabsorption, results in an increase in osmotic pressure and water isn’t R. Also results in excretion of NaCl and solutes. (Proximal tubule) and loop of Henle.

Expands ECF–> nc renal blood flow –>inc medullary tonicity –> dec H2O reabsorption in distal tubule –> dec [Na] in ATL –> dec R of Na (passive!)
For kidney transplants: minimized arterial spasm, improves blood flow, protects against warm ischemia period

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16
Q

Bethanechol

A

Muscarinic, Cholinergic Agonist. Direct acting parasympathomimetic.

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17
Q

Ondansetron

A

Serotonin antagonist. Inhibits 5-HT3 receptors. Often used for vomiting due to chemotherapy tx.

Antiemetic

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18
Q

Maropitant

A

NK-1 Antagonist. Blocks neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors (NK-1, or substance p, stimulates emesis from emetic center)

Antiemetic

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19
Q

Pantoprazole/Omeprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor, makes stomach less acidic

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20
Q

Mirtazapine

A

Tri-cyclic antidepressant: Blocks serotonin 5-HT3, 5-HT2, and 5-HT1 receptors Aplha-2 antagonist, inc intestinal motility, gastric emptying, colon transit times

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21
Q

Theophylline/Aminophylline

A

Bronchodilator
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor –> inc cAMP –> inc epinephrine. Relaxes smooth muscle of bronchi and pulmonary vasculature

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22
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Alpha1 –adrenergic antagonist. (Alpha blocker) Binds to receptors to cause relaxation of urethral smooth muscle (internal sphincter). Same net effect of parasympathomimetic

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23
Q

Lidocaine

A

Na Channel Blocker (Class I), suppresses cardiac automaticity.

Antiarrhythmic, Local Anesthetic, Prokinetic

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24
Q

Erythromycin

A

Stimulates GI motility by stimulating motilin receptors to inc smooth muscle activity

Antibiotic, Prokinetic (Gastric emptying)

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25
Ranitidine
Blocks H2 receptors of parietal cells Histamine (H2) antagonist. Antacid and pro kinetic
26
Cisapride
Benzamide pro kinetic. Agonist of 5-HT4 receptor and antagonist at 5-HT3. May enhance release of Ach at myenteric plexus --> contraction of smooth muscle Prokinetic (entire GIT)
27
Metoclopramide
Dopa antagonist (D2) in the CRTZ. Not understood, possibly stimulates 5-HT4 receptors or inc acetylcholine in GI tract. Anti dopa (inc cholinergic response in gastric sm muscle).Phenothiazines. Antiemetic, Prokinetic (duodenal/jejunal peristalsis, amplitude of gastric contraction)
28
Azathioprine
antagonizes purine metabolism by causing breaks in DNA and RNA 2’ to incorporation into nucleic acids & termination of replication process (Purine analog that inhibits purine synthesis, leads to decreased lymphocyte proliferation) Immunosuppressive
29
Cytosine arabinoside
cytarabine/cytosar Inhibits DNA polymerase --> inhibits DNA synthesis (S phase) Antineoplastic/Immunosuppressive
30
Cyclosporine
Inhibits normal T-cell transduction by blocking calcineurin phosphate activity, causing reduced cytokine genes (like IL-2) Immunosuppressive
31
Tacrolimus
Inhibits normal T-cell transduction by blocking calcineurin phosphate activity, causing reduced cytokine genes (like IL-2) Immunosuppressive
32
Mycophenolate
Inhibits the enzyme involved in purine synthesis, leads to decreased lymphocyte proliferation. Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) which is needed for de novo synthesis of purines in immune cells. Immunosuppressive
33
Procarbazine
34
Abatacept/Belatacept
Selectively inhibit T cell activation Immunosuppressive
35
Leflunomide
Inhibits pyrimidine synthesis and tyrosine kinase at high doses  inhibits T and B cell proliferation, antibody production Immunosuppressive
36
Pamidronate/Zoledronate
Inhibit boen resorption, inhibit osteoclast activity and induce osteoclast apoptosis Bisphosphonates
37
Imatinib/Toceranib/Masitinib
Kinase inhibitor, c-kit tumors Treatment of grade II or III cutaneous mast cell tumors, decreases blood supply (antiangiogenic by inhibiting RTK aka VEGF)
38
Cyclophosphamide
Alkylates N7 of guanine base of DNA, cytotoxic to rapidly dividing cells (cancer cells and bone marrow). Interferes with DNA replication and RNA translation Alkylating chemotherapeutic, cell cycle independent
39
Lomustine
40
Vincristine/Vinblastine/Vinorelbine
Inhibits microtubules, anti-mitotic (specifically metaphase) Vinca alkaloid chemotherapeutic, M phase
41
Paclitaxel
42
Doxorubicin
Damages DNA by inhibition of topoisomerase II (causes breaks in DNA during transcription and cell death), form free radicals Natural/antibiotic chemotherapeutic, S phase
43
Cisplatin/Carboplatin
Alkylates DNA. Binds to N7 of purines causing cross linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Covalently binds to DNA to prevent replication and protein synthesis. Platinum chemotherapeutic, cell cycle independent
44
Procainamide
45
Esmolol
46
Nitroprusside
Direct vasodilator for intraop hypertension with PCC
47
Hydralazine
Direct systemic arterial vasodilator, acts on vascular smooth muscle Vasodilator, Anti-hypertensive
48
Sildenafil
CGMP phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (pulmonary vasculature, corpus covernosum) --> vasodilation Vasodilator (Pulmonary hypertension), Smooth m relaxant for achalasia?
49
Phentolamine
Short acting alpha antagonist For intraop hypertension with PCC
50
Methimazole
Blocks thyroid peroxidase, which will result in no incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin, so less T3 and T4 Hyperthyroid, blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones
51
Propylthiouracil
Anti-thyroid agent (thyroperoxidase inhibitor)
52
Prazosin
ɑ-adrenergic ANTAGONIST
53
Phenylpropanolamine
Adrenergic alpha and (beta) agonist. Sympathomimetic. Acts on urethral smooth muscle to increase the tone of the urethra and allows for filling (relaxation of the detrusor)
54
Amantidine
Unknown, increases DOPA in CNS, NMDA Antagonist. Antiviral, analgesic
55
Ketoconzaole/Fluconazole/Intraconazole
Azole (imidazole), fungistatic. Inhibits CYP450 in fungi, which in turn inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membrane. Antifungal, Perianal fistulas
56
Hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazide diuretic. Inhibits apical Na+Cl- symporter in distal tubules thus inhibits Na reabsorption.
57
Spironolactone
Aldosterone receptor antagonist. K-sparing diuretic. Inhibits Na reabsorption in the distal tubule by competing with aldosterone for it’s receptor (aldosterone causes R of water, Na, and dumps K)
58
Atracurium/Cisatricurium
NM blocker. Bind to Ach receptors so Ach can’t bind (competes with Ach), no depolarizing activity and no muscle contraction (non-depolarizing)
59
Diazepam, Midazolam
Central acting CNS depressant. GABAa agonist-like (bind to GABA receptor but not where GABA binds), Hyperpolarization, increases Cl- conductance Bladder expression, Seizures, Premed
60
Neostigmine, Edrophonium
Reverse NM Blockers Cholinesterase inhibitor. Antimyasthenic. Inhibits enzyme that metabolizes Ach (prolongs Ach action).
61
Atropine/Glycopyrrolate
Anticholinergic, parasympatholytic. Blocks Ach at the muscarinic receptor to increase heart rate.
62
Dopamine
Adrenergic and Dopamine agonist. Dopa is a NT and precursor for NE. Low doses- DA1 receptors which increases cAMP in smooth muscle cells to cause relaxation/vasodilation. Moderate doses- adrenergic agonist High doses- alpha1 receptor causing vasoconstriction.
63
Dobutamine
Adrenergic agonist- B1 and (B2). Sympathomimetic. Improve contractility WITHOUT increasing HR.
64
Epinephrine
Adrenergic agonist- nonselective for alpha and beta.
65
Pimobendan
Inodilator. Sensitizes cardiac contractile apparatus to intracellular Ca, Vasodilation- inhibits Phosphodiesterase III (PDE, which increases intracellular cAMP and causes)
66
Amlodipine
Ca channel blocker in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle- vasodilator Anti-hypertensive
67
Benazepril/Enalapril
ACE inhibitor, inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotension II (which is a potent vasoconstrictor), this also dec Na and water R, ACE inhibitors also increase the concentration of kinins and prostaglandins.
68
Dilitazem
Ca channel blocker of voltage dependent slow channel blocker. Negative chonotropic effects, negative inotropic effects
69
Phenylephrine
Alpha1 Adrenergic Agonist, vascular smooth muscle contraction
70
Amiodarone
AntiarrhythmicK channel blockers (Class III) in cardiac tissues. Prolongs action potential duration, delays myocardial repolarization, delays refractory period.
71
Propanolol/Atenolol
Beta-adrenergic blocker. Antenolol is Beta1 only.
72
Albuterol/Terbutaline
Beta2 adrenergic agonist. Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and may inhibit release of inflammatory mediators (mast cells). Sitmulate Na/K pump Bronchodilator, Moves K intracellularly
73
Gabapentin
Analogue of GABA but not agonist or antagonist (interacts with GABA). Possibly blocks Ca dependent channels (this inhibits the release of NT from presynapse) Anticonvulsant, Analgesic
74
Galliprant
PGE2 EPA-receptors antagonist NSAID (not COX inhibitor)
75
Levetiracetam
Not well understood, inhibits burst firing but not normal neuronal excitement. Anticonvulsant
76
Phenobarbital
Barbiturate. Potentiates GABA, which increases Cl- conductance (alters alectrolyte conductance) (Not GABA agonist because it does not bind). Anticonvulsant
77
Flumazenil
Benzo reversal. Antagonizes where benzodiazepines bind.
78
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist. Competes for opiate receptors (all) and displaces opioids from their receptors, diminishing their effects.
79
Acepromazine
Dopa antagonist (central), antimuscarinic, alpha blocker (receptors on smooth muscle.) Results in high vagal tone.
80
Dexmedetomidine
Alpha2 agonist. Decreases release of neurotransmitters from the neuron, causes decreased sympathetic outflow, analgesia, sedation, anesthesia.
81
Atipamezole
Alpha2 antagonist. Antagonizes action of drugs that stimulate the alpha2 receptor.
82
Isoflurane/Sevoflurane
Inhalant anesthetic. MOA unclear. Disrupt neural transmission. General reversible depression of CNS
83
Alfaxalone
GABA Enhancer. Synthetic neuroactive steroid that interacts with GABA receptors in the CNS to produce anesthesia and muscle relaxation. Induction agent. Induction
84
Etomidate
Probably GABA enhancer. Induction agent.
85
Propofol
Probably GABA enhancer. Rapid induction, smooth recovery. Induction agent.
86
Ketamin, Tiletamine + Zolazepam
Dissociative. Mild analgesic- noncompetitive antagonist for the NMDA receptor. Prevents Na and Ca influx and K efflux
87
Misoprostol
Synthetic prostaglandin GI ulcers
88
Diphenhydramine
Blocks H1 receptors in the vomiting and vestibular center (dramamine) Antiemetic, Antihistamine
89
Sucralfate
Dissociates into sucrose octasulfate and aluminum hydroxide- forms a visous substance that protects mucosa by preventing back diffusion of H+ ions, inactivates pepsin, adsorbs bile acid. Coating Agent. Gastric mucosa protectant, Antiulcer agent, Cytoprotectant
90
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine muscle contraction, distrupts luteolysis by stimulating PGF2-alpha (uness given prior to luteolysis) and prolongs CL function Involution of uterus, bleeding from uterus
91
Finasteride
Synthetic steroid type II 5 alpha reductase inhibitor. Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Antiandrogen. BPH
92
Desoxycorticosterone pilavate
Mineralocorticoid with no glucocorticoid activity. Mimicks aldosterone to increase Na reabsorption. Fludrocortisone is a glucocorticoid with some mineralocorticoid activity. HOC
93
Trilostane
Inhibits 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (which converts pregnenolone to 17_alpha hydroxyprogesterone (a cortisol precursor)) Reversibly inhibits enzymatic conversion of DHEA into steroids, used for hyperadrenocortacism. Adrenal suppressant. Will affect the synthesis of aldosteroe, corticosterone, androstendione and pregnenolone to progesterone HAC
94
Mitotane
Selective destruction of zona fasciulata and reticularis (but leaves glomerulosa so you don’t have aldosterone problems) HAC
95
Mexiletine
Class 1B antiarrhymthmic similar to lidocaine. Inhibits Na channels to reduce the rise of the action potential
96
Lactulose
Disaccharide, metabolized by bacteria --> LMW organic acids to increase intralumina colloid pressure ---> water drawn into bowel Osmotic --> decreases transport time --> less ammonia made. Acidifies --> traps ammonia as ammonium , decreased bacterial numbers
97
Octreotide
somatostatin analogue that supresses gastrin secretion and insulin synthesis
98
Streptozocin
nitrocourea antibiotic that kill beta cells
99
Diazoxide
Benxothiadiazine derivative. Inhibits insulin secretion, stimulate gluconeogensosi/genolusis and inhibits use of glucose
100
Doxapram
Central stimulant to inc RR and tidal volume, inc activity in the breathing center of the medulla, reflex activation of carotid/aortic chemoreceptors 1.1 mg/kg IV
101
Chitosan
sugar that comes from the outer skeleton of shellfish, used for chronic wounds and inhibits scar formation
102
Mitomycin C
alkylating chemo drug that can be used to decrease scar formation
103
Dinoprost
PGF2alpha --> contraction of myometrium and relaxation of cervix (medical mgmt of pro)

Phase 2 (4 decks)

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