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Forensic Science > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

Natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce psychological or physiological effects in humans or other higher order animals

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2
Q

Drugs of abuse or illicit drugs

A

When drugs are produced legally or illegally, and are taken strictly for pleasure

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3
Q

When drugs are taken for a therapeutic reason, they are known as what?

A

Pharmaceuticals

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4
Q

Body’s physical need– or addiction– to a specific chemical

A

Drug dependence

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5
Q

The severity of likelihood of the dependence is influenced by what?

A

Nature of the drug
Route of administration
Dose
Frequency of use
Individual rate of metabolism
Personal characteristics of user

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6
Q

Drug dependence can be . . .

A

Physical, psychological, or involve aspects of both

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7
Q

Physical dependence involves what?

A

Physiological side effects of tolerance and withdrawal that usually results from chronic use

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8
Q

Physical dependence can result in what?

A

Withdrawal sickness

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9
Q

What is withdrawal sickness?

A

When the drug is abruptly stopped, the body will go through an illness that can have side effects worse than taking the drug

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10
Q

Examples of specific classes of drugs that are more prone to physical dependency?

A

Narcotics and depressants

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11
Q

Psychological Dependence is considered what?

A

Addiction

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12
Q

Addiction involves what?

A

Perceived need or desire for a drug
Inability to function normally without drug

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13
Q

Addicts often ponder drug use long after ____________ has subsided

A

Physical need

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14
Q

Two major patterns of abuse?

A

Initiated medically and unable to stop after medication course is over

Experimentation and recreational use

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15
Q

Tolerance

A

The need to ingest progressively larger amounts of a drug to maintain a desired effect

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16
Q

Tolerance is characterized by marked decrease in both _______ and _______ of desired effect of a dosage

A

Time duration and intensity

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17
Q

Tolerance development?

A

Inconsistent and unpredictable

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18
Q

What often accompanies increased tolerance?

A

Toxic side effects

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19
Q

Natural drugs?

A

Chemicals used either therapeutically or recreationally that are made from plants or animals

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20
Q

What kind of drugs can be either raw or refined?

A

Plant-derived

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21
Q

Raw plant-derived drugs

A

Cannabis, mushrooms

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22
Q

Refined plant-derived drugs

A

Heroin, cocaine

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23
Q

What type of drugs tend to be more pharmaceutical in nature?

A

Animal-derived drugs

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24
Q

Examples of animal-derived drugs that tend to be more pharmaceutical in nature?

A

Insulin
Cod liver
Thyroid
Bufotenine (venom from toads)

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25
Q

Many recreational drugs have plant-based sources?

A

Flowers
Seeds
Stems
Leaves
Roots
Fruit
Bark

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26
Q

Synthetic drugs

A

Derived from mineral sources using chemical processes

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27
Q

What type of drug has no natural ingredients?

A

Synthetic drug

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28
Q

Examples of synthetic drugs?

A

LSD
Methamphetamine

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29
Q

“Designer Drugs”

A

Synthetic drugs created from an illegal drug source

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30
Q

Examples of “Designer Drugs”?

A

Synthetic marijuana
“bath salts”
N-bomb (alternative to LSD)

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31
Q

Psychotropic drugs

A

Mind altering chemicals

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32
Q

Different categories of psychotropic drugs depending on the effect?

A

Excitantia
Inebriantia
Hypnotica
Euphorica
Phantastica
Entactogens
Psychodysleptics

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33
Q

These are drugs that cause an excited state, or are stimulants; known as “uppers”?

A

Excitania/Stimulants

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34
Q

Stimulants

A

Usually cause enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and temporary improvements to physical or mental functions

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35
Q

Also known as psychoanalytic in pharmacology?

A

Stimulants

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36
Q

Examples of stimulants?

A

Caffeine
Amphetamines
Nicotine
Cocaine

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37
Q

These are drugs that create a feeling of pleasure or happiness in a person? (also known as Depressants)

A

Inebriantia/Intoxicants

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38
Q

What are the most noted side-effects of intoxicants?

A

Pain-relief
Memory impairment
Lowered blood pressure
Lowered heart rate

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39
Q

Examples of intoxicants?

A

Alcohol
Nitrous Oxide
Barbiturates

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40
Q

These drugs induce sleep, usually treating insomnia, night terrors, and other sleep disorders?

A

Hypnotica/Soporifics

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41
Q

The most commonly prescribed soporifics (Hypnotica) fall in which category/

A

Benzodiazepines

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42
Q

Hypnotica/Soporifics are also known as what in pharmacology?

A

Psychodysleptic

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43
Q

These are drugs that are used as a tranquilizer or an analgesic?

A

Euphorica/Sedative

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44
Q

Side effects of sedatives?

A

Slurred speech
Staggering
Loss of reflexes
Unconsciousness

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45
Q

Are sedatives used therapeutically?

A

Yes

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46
Q

What are sedatives also known as in pharmacology?

A

Psycholeptic

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47
Q

Examples of sedatives?

A

Lorazepam
Valium
Klonopin

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48
Q

These are drugs that cause hallucinations

A

Phantastica/Hallucinogens

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49
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

A distortion of the perception of reality

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50
Q

Side effects of hallucinogens?

A

Hearing sounds
Seeing images that are not there
Feeling sensations that are not there

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51
Q

Examples of hallucinogens?

A

LSD
Peyote
PCP

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52
Q

Also known as an empathogen?

A

Entactogen

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53
Q

These drugs create experiences of oneness, emotional openness, and other emotion-based experiences?

A

Entactogens

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54
Q

These are considered different from hallucinogens, psychedelic, amphetamine or stimulants

A

Entactogens

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55
Q

Example of an entactogen?

A

MDMA

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56
Q

An analgesic or pain-killing substance that depresses the central nervous system?

A

Narcotics

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57
Q

What do Narcotics do?

A

Lowers vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate

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58
Q

Narcotics are also known as what?

A

Opioids

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59
Q

What do opioids include?

A

Morphine
Heroin
Thebaine
Methadone
Codeine

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60
Q

Opiates are drugs that are derived from what?

A

Opium poppy, which has the scientific name of Papaver somniferum

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61
Q

There is a group of drugs which are not derived from opiates but are considered opioids

A

These can be synthetic or semi-synthetic

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62
Q

What is the drug, Opium?

A

An emulsion of the poppy microparticles suspended in an aqueous solution (latex)

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63
Q

What is Opium?

A

A brown powder which has a morphine content ranging between 4% - 21%

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64
Q

Opium drug is most frequently sold, transported, and smuggled as what?

A

Heroin

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65
Q

Therapeutically, opioids were used as what?

A

Anesthesia
Cough suppressant
Diarrhea suppressant

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66
Q

What is Methadone used for?

A

Reverse opioid overdose

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67
Q

Side effects of opioids?

A

Itchiness
Sedation
Nausea
Respiratory depression (main effect in overdose)
Euphoria
Constipation

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68
Q

An analgesic that is used as a painkiller?

A

Morphine

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69
Q

When is morphine frequently used?

A

During myocardial infarction or during labor

Can be given orally, injected into muscle or dermal, or IV

Maximum effect occurs within 20-60 minutes (depending on delivery method) and wears off after 3-7 hours

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70
Q

Why does morphine have a high potential for abuse and addiction?

A

Patients and addicts will go through withdrawal if the drug is removed from their system

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71
Q

Morphine withdrawal stage I

A

6-14 hours after last dose; craving, anxiety, irritability, dysphoria

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72
Q

Morphine withdrawal stage II

A

14-18 hours; yawning, mild depression, crying, headaches, “yen sleep”

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73
Q

Morphine withdrawal stage III

A

16-24 hours; runny nose, dilated pupils, goosebumps, muscle twitches, inability to regulate temperature, aching bones/muscles, loss of appetite, intestinal cramping

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74
Q

Morphine withdrawal stage IV

A

24-36 hours; involuntary leg movements, insomnia, elevated blood pressure and body temperature, tachycardia

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75
Q

Morphine withdrawal stage V

A

36-72 hours; fetal position, vomiting, diarrhea, increased WBC count, weight loss between 2 to 5 kg per 24 hours

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76
Q

Morphine withdrawal stage VI

A

> 72 hours; recovery begins; acute symptoms becoming chronic (mostly psychological); may also involve increased pain sensitivity, hypertension, colitis, weight control problems

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77
Q

Heroin

A

Addition of an acetic anhydride or an acetyl chloride to morphine

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78
Q

Commonly, how is heroine put in the body?

A

Injected, which creates an instantaneous effect with maximum sensitivity

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79
Q

The “high” is accompanied by a sense of well-being and drowsiness, which lasts how long?

A

At least 3-4 hours

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80
Q

Thebaine

A

Unlike other opiates, this creates a stimulatory effect

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81
Q

Not used therapeutically, but thebaine can be converted into what?

A

Oxycodone
Oxymorphone
Naloxone

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82
Q

Created from an opiate with additional chemicals added?

A

Semi-synthetic opioids

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83
Q

Examples of semi-synthetic opioids

A

Oxycodone
Hydromorphone
Hydrocodone

84
Q

Synthetic opioids that do not have natural opiates, but work on the same opioid receptors in the brain so they are included in the category

A

Demerol
Fentanyl
Dilaudid
Methadone

85
Q

Normally used as an analgesic, ______ is frequently used to detoxify people who have an opioid dependence

86
Q

Two ways methadone is used as an analgesic?

A

Methadone Maintenance Treatment

Methadone Reduction Programs

87
Q

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT)

A

Where a person will always be taking some dose of methadone

88
Q

Methadone Reduction Programs

A

Where a person will reduce their dose of methadone until they are weaned off completely

89
Q

Is addiction to methadone possible?

A

Yes; this can result in withdrawal and/or overdose

90
Q

While codeine is a natural occurring opiate, it is now frequently synthesized from what?

91
Q

Where is codeine frequently found?

A

In cough medicine; it is used therapeutically for cough, diarrhea, and pain relief

92
Q

For pain relief, it is frequently combined with what?

A

Acetaminophen, aspirin, or an NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)

93
Q

As with other opiates, there is the possibility of addiction, withdrawal, and overdose with codeine

A

The proper way to minimize withdrawal is to gradually reduce medication with the supervision of health care providers

94
Q

Hallucinogens

A

A drug which causes hallucinations, “out of body experiences,” and substantial changes in thoughts

95
Q

According to L.E. Hollister and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the criteria for hallucinogens is what?

A

In proportion to other effects, changes in thought, perception, and mood should predominate

Intellectual or memory impairment should be minimal

Stupor, narcosis, or excessive stimulation should not be an integral effect

Autonomic nervous system side effects should be minimal

Addictive craving should be absent

96
Q

Examples of Hallucinogens?

A

LSD, Cannabinoids, Phencyclidine (PCP)

97
Q

What is the active hallucinogenic compound in cannabinoids?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC

98
Q

Cannabis family

A

C. sativa
C. indica
C. ruderalis

99
Q

Various ways of using cannabinoids?

A

Marijuana– smoked or vaporized
Edibles, including tea
Hashish– resin of cannabis plant

100
Q

Medincinal uses of cannabinoids?

A

Include reduction of excessive of eye pressure in glaucoma, lessening of nausea from anti-cancer drugs, muscle relaxant

101
Q

The potency of THC depends on what?

A

the form of cannabinoid it is prepared as

102
Q

Loose vegetation has an average THC content of ______

103
Q

Hashish contains an average THC content of ______

104
Q

Liquid hashish/hashish oil contains an average THC content of ______

A

8 to 22%

One drop placed on cigarette

105
Q

What kind of dependency do hallucinogens create?

A

psychological not physical

106
Q

Do hallucinogens have a withdrawal syndrome?

A

No since only a psychological dependency not a physical one

107
Q

Common immediate effects of THC

A

Increased heart rate
Dryness of mouth
Reddening of eyes
Impaired motor skills and concentration
Frequent hunger and increased desire for sweets

108
Q

Longterm effects of THC

A

Motivational symptoms such as:
Apathy
Impaired judgement, memory, and concentration
Loss of interest in personal appearance and goals

109
Q

Commonly known as LSD, it is a hallucinogenic drug that is derived from ergot?

A

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

110
Q

Fungus that attacks certain grasses and grains?

111
Q

What is thought to be one of the causes of the Salem Witch Trials?

112
Q

LSD is very potent

A

25ug causes vivid hallucinations lasting up to 12 hours

113
Q

Effects of LSD?

A

Mood changes
Anxiety
Tension

114
Q

Prone to flashbacks and psychotic reactions after use is discontinued?

115
Q

Commonly known as PCP?

A

Phencyclidine

116
Q

What is a normal dose of PCP?

117
Q

Common use of PCP?

A

smoking
ingesting
sniffing

118
Q

Effects of PCP?

A

Feelings of strength, invulnerability
Dreaming sense of detachment to the point of unresponsive
Confused
Agitated
Depressed
Irritable
Feeling isolated
Audio and visual hallucinations
Paranoia

119
Q

When PCP is combined with LSD or amphetamines, what is it known as?

A

“Angel dust”

120
Q

How do depressants get their names?

A

Their depressing action on the Central Nervous System

This includes bradycardia, bradypnea, and eventually loss of consciousness and coma or death

121
Q

Do depressants cause a physical dependence that can involve a withdrawal sickness?

122
Q

Frequent depressants that are abused are?

A

Alcohol
Barbiturates
Methaqualone
Tranquilizers
Toluene

123
Q

Ethyl alcohol (recreational drinking)

A

Suppresses the brain’s control of thought processes and muscle coordination

124
Q

Low dose of ethyl alcohol

A

Inhibit mental processes of judgement, memory, and concentration

Memory becomes expansive, exudes confidence

125
Q

Moderate dose of ethyl alcohol

A

Reduce coordination

Inhibit orderly thought processes and speech patterns

Slow down reaction times

126
Q

Higher doses of ethyl alcohol

A

Highly irritable and emotional

127
Q

Extremely high dose of ethyl alcohol

A

May lapse into unconsciousness or comatose state

128
Q

Also known as “downers”

A

Barbiturates

~Creates a feeling of well-being, relaxation, and produces sleep

129
Q

The most commonly used barbiturates in medical applications are?

A

Amobarbital
Secobarbital
Pentobarbital
Butabarbitol (short acting and absorbed fast)
Phenobarbital (long acting and absorbed slowly)

130
Q

Taken orally, average sedative dose for barbiturates?

131
Q

Also known as quaaludes; powerful sedative and muscle relaxant

A

Non-barbiturate depressant– Methaqualone

132
Q

Methaqualone was extremely popular in the late 1960s and 1970s, also known as what?

A

Ludes, sopers/soaps

133
Q

One of the most commonly used recreational drugs in South Africa

A

Methaqualone

134
Q

Overdose of Methaqualone can cause what?

A

Delirium
Convulsions
Kidney failure
Coma and/or death

135
Q

A lethal dose of Methaqualone?

A

8000 mg

BUT, with an alcoholic beverage, it is reduced to 2000 mg

136
Q

Produces relaxing tranquility without impairing high-thinking facilities

A

Tranquilizers

137
Q

Also used to induce sleep, treat anxiety, or relieve tension

A

Tranquilizers

138
Q

Drugs most commonly used as tranquilizers are?

A

Reserpine
Chlorpromazine

139
Q

Minor tranquilizers include?

A

Diazepam (Valium)
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

140
Q

Most often solvent used in glue sniffing

141
Q

What is glue sniffing?

A

Form of inhalant abuse which creates a feeling of euphoria and exhilaration

Typically, people who sniff glue will empty the solvent into a plastic bag and then put their face inside, breathing deeply

The solvent can also be heated and then inhaled

It can also be poured onto a rag and the vapors then inhaled

142
Q

The effects of toluene?

A

Dizziness
Loss of coordination
Speech slurring
Respiratory failure
Drowsiness
Coma
Feeling of being able to “achieve the impossible”

143
Q

Substance taken to increase alertness or activity?

144
Q

What are stimulants also called?

A

“Uppers” or “stims” since they stimulate the CNS

145
Q

What are stimulants commonly used for in medicine?

A

Treatment of ADHD
Promote weight loss
Treat Narcolepsy
Aid in smoking cessation
Counteract fatigue

146
Q

The common stimulants that are abused are?

A

Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
Cocaine

147
Q

Synthetic drugs that were discovered in 1887

A

Amphetamines

148
Q

What are amphetamines used to treat?

A

ADHD and narcolepsy

149
Q

For therapeutic reasons, how many mg/day is a normal dosage?

A

50-20 mg/day

150
Q

Side effects of amphetamine abuse?

A

Hypertension or hypotension
Rayaud’s phenomenon
Tachycardia
Abdominal pain
Loss of appetite or nausea
Blurred vision
Dry mouth
Tachypnea
Other gastrointestinal tract issues

151
Q

Most severe form of amphetamine abuse stems from what?

A

IV injections of amphetamine or a chemical derivative, known as methamphetamine or “crank”

152
Q

Methamphetamine

A

Both used as a euphoriant and aphrodisiac

153
Q

When created illegally, the form is normally known as ________ for its appearance

A

“crystal meth”

154
Q

Form of methamphetamine which can be smoked and has similar effects to crack cocaine but involves a longer duration

155
Q

Once the effects of the “high” wear off, what happens to the users?

A

Become depressed and often sleep for days

156
Q

Chronic users experience what?

A

Acute psychosis and destructive behavioral

157
Q

While there are a number of physical side effects, what is one of the more commonly known ones?

A

“Meth Mouth”

158
Q

What is “meth mouth”?

A

This is the loss of teeth due to a combination of dry mouth, teeth grinding, high sugar consumption, and a loss of oral hygiene

159
Q

Plant-derived drug that causes feelings of euphoria, increased energy and confidence?

A

Cocaine

~The plant is known as the coca plant

160
Q

What form of cocaine takes approximately 15 seconds to reach the brain and cause the euphoric effects

161
Q

High doses of cocaine have toxic effects such as what?

A

Cardiac arrest
Respiratory arrest

162
Q

While there is a psychological dependency, there is no evidence of a ___________ for cocaine

A

physical dependency

163
Q

Category of drugs that include those frequently used by teenagers and young adults at clubs, bars, concerts, and other social events

A

Club drugs

164
Q

Drugs created in an underground or illegal laboratory

A

designer drugs

~They have a plant-derived drug as a base and are altered or designed to be more potent or addictive via chemistry

165
Q

Most commonly used club drugs are . . .

A

MDMA
GHB
Rohypnol
Ketamine
Synthetic cannabinoids

166
Q

Also known as MDMA or Ecstasy?

A

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

167
Q

A synthetic drug with methamphetamine at its base

A

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

168
Q

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine causes hallucinogenic effects which include what?

A

Self-awareness
Decrease of inhibition

169
Q

Physical effects of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine?

A

Seizures
Muscle breakdown
Stroke
Kidney failure
Cardio-vascular system failure

170
Q

GHB/Rohypnol

A

Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is one of the club drugs also known as “date rape drugs”

  • It acts as a stimulant and aphrodisiac
  • In certain doses, the victim of GHB will become groggy and sleepy, often losing memory
171
Q

What has similar characteristics as GHB?

A

Flunitrazepam also known as Rohypnol since:

Both have the ability to form a physical dependence with withdrawal symptoms

Both can be found in blood or plasma, while Rohypnol metabolites can be found in urine up to 60 days

172
Q

Also known as “Special K”

173
Q

Therapeutically, ketamine is a drug used for what?

A

Anesthesia, usually in animals

174
Q

Ketamine induces a state which can be described as what?

A

“Trance-like,” which may cause sedation or memory loss

175
Q

Reactions to ketamine include what?

A

Hallucinations and confusion as well as elevated blood pressure

176
Q

The most dangerous aspect of ketamine?

A

interactions ketamine has with other sedatives, such as alcohol, opioids, and benzodiazepines

177
Q

Designer drugs that do not contain the chemicals in cannabis but produce the same effects?

A

Synthetic cannabinoids

178
Q

Since synthetic cannabinoids are designer drugs that do not contain the chemicals in cannabis, it complicates things. . .

A

prevents drug tests from identifying cannabis

HOWEVER, the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids are detectable in urine tests

179
Q

Synthetic cannabinoids

A

the chemical is absorbed into a plant-based material and then smoked

Frequently known as herbal incense or herbal smoking blends (Scooby Snacks, K2, Spice)

180
Q

Recently, __________ have been identified as the agent behind psychotic episodes days after recreational use

A

Synthetic cannabinoids

181
Q

Because of the crude manufacturing, the composition of the drug is ______, as well as the ______ of each compound

A

unknown; concentration

182
Q

Synthetic compounds chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone

A

Anabolic steroids

183
Q

Anabolic steroids are chemicals that promote development on two levels?

A

Androgen effect– secondary sex characteristic

Anabolic effect– muscle growth

184
Q

What are anabolic steroids designed to do?

A

Minimize the androgenic effect and enhance muscle growth

185
Q

Effects of anabolic steroid abuse includes?

A

Mood and personality effects
Decreased sex drive
Infertility
Liver disorders

186
Q

Drug Control Laws

A

The severity of a penalty associated with the manufacture, distribution, and possession of a drug may depend on the weight of the drug or the concentration in a mixture

187
Q

Controlled Substances Act

A

Created to prevent abuse of drugs

188
Q

Federal law establishes five schedules of classification based upon?

A

Potential for abuse
Potential for physical and psychological dependence
Medical value

189
Q

Controlled Substances Act– Schedule 1

A

The drug has a high potential for abuse

There is no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the US

Lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision

Examples:
LSD
Marijuana
Methaqualone (Quaaludes)

190
Q

Controlled Substances Act– Schedule II

A

The drug has a high potential for abuse

The drug has a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions

Abuse of the drug may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

Examples:
Morphine
PCP
Cocaine
Methadone
Methamphetamine

191
Q

Controlled Substances Act– Schedule III

A

The drug has less potential for abuse than the drugs in Schedule 1 and II

The drug has a currently accepted medical use in the US

Abuse of the drug may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence

Examples:
Anabolic steroids
Codeine/Hydrocodone with aspirin or Tylenol
Some barbiturates

192
Q

Controlled Substances Act– Schedule IV

A

The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse compared to drugs in Schedule III

The drug has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the US

Abuse of the drug may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to Schedule III drugs

Examples:
Talwin (opioid)
Valium
Xanax

193
Q

Controlled Substances Act– Schedule V

A

The drug has low potential for abuse relative to the drugs in Schedule IV

The drug has a currently accepted medical in treatment in the US

Abuse of the drug may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to Schedule IV

Examples:
Cough medicine with codeine

194
Q

Two steps to identification of drugs with the forensic setting

A

Screening tests
Confirmation tests

195
Q

Screening tests

A

Non-specific, preliminary

Used to reduce possibilities of identification to a smaller number of substances

196
Q

Confirmation tests

A

Specific

Usually, a single test which will prove the chemical composition of the substance in question

197
Q

Screening test– Colorimetric tests

A

Five primary tests:

Marquis
Dillie-Koppanyi
Duquenois-Levine (plus solutions)
Van Urk
Scott Test (plus solutions)

198
Q

Marquis

A

Turns purple in the presence of opium derivatives

Turns orange-brown in the presence of amphetamines and methamphetamines

199
Q

Dillie-Koppanyi

A

Turns violet blue in the presence of barbituartes

200
Q

Duquenois-Levine

A

Turns purple in the presence of THC

201
Q

Van Urk

A

Turns blue in the presence of LSD

202
Q

Scott Test

A

Turns blue, pink, and then blue again in the presence of cocaine

203
Q

Screening tests– Microcrystalline Tests

A

A specific test which can help identify certain chemicals

A reactant is added which creates specific crystal formations, specific to the drug in question

204
Q

Screening tests– Chromatography

A

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) or Gas Chromatography (GC) separates drugs from their diluents for a tentative identification

205
Q

What is chromatography usually run alongside?

A

Colorimetric screening tests and/or microcrystalline tests

206
Q

Confirmation tests– Spectrophotometry

A

Using the Ultraviolet (UV) or Infrared (IR) regions, the absorption of light by drugs can be graphed and pinpointed to a specific drug

UV is useful for identifying the probable identity and exclude other drugs

IR can specifically identify a substance, but there must be as pure of a composition as possible

207
Q

Confirmation tests– GC/MS

A

Combines the power of gas chromatography with the abilities of a mass spectrometer (GC/MS)

With few exceptions, no two substances fragment in the same fashion; therefore, it serves as a “fingerprint” of a chemical substance

Forensic Science (6 decks)

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