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Pharmacology RCOA > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of bronchodilators?

A

Relax bronchial smooth muscle
B2 agonist
Salbutamol is an example

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2
Q

How do anti-muscarinic agents work in resp drugs?

A

Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
Ipratropium is an example

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3
Q

What are the SE of Theophylline/Aminophylline?

A

N&V&D
Palpitations
Narrow therapeutic index
Irritability limit usefulness

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4
Q

How do corticosteroids work?

A

Reduce inflammation by action on intracellular protein synthesis
Cross membrane
Bind to glucocorticoid receptor
Carried into nucleus
Promote formation of anti-inflammatory proteins

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5
Q

Is IV steroids quicker than PO?

A

No
Protein formation in the nucleus is a rate limiting factor
Therefore PO acts just as fast as IV

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6
Q

Which antihistamines are sedating & non-sedating?

A

Sedating: Chlorphenamine
Non: Cetirizine

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7
Q

What type of hypersensitivity does antihistamines work against?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

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8
Q

What benzos have a long, intermediate & short half life?

A

Long: Diazepam
Intermediate: Chlordiazepoxide
Short: Midazolam, Lorazepam

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9
Q

What usually triggers lithium toxicity? Why?

A

Dehydration
Diuretic use
Lithium & Na in same chemical group
Body tries to conserve Na but at the same time conserves Li causing build up

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10
Q

What are the Sx of Li toxicity?

A

Non-specific
Confusion
Tremor
Ataxia
Poor concentration
GI Sx

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of SSRIs?

A

Act on presynaptic serotonin reuptake

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12
Q

What are the effects of overdose of Tricyclics?

A

Anticholinergic effects (urine retention, dry mouth, hot)
Cardiac conduction abnormalities (tachyarrhythmias, HB, prolonged QRS)
Respiratory depression
Convulsions
Metabolic acidosis

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13
Q

What are the Sx of Serotonin syndrome?

A

High temp/sweating
Tachy
Confusion/agitation
Muscle twitching
Diarrhoea

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14
Q

What drug groups can cause serotonin syndrome?

A

MAOIs
SSRIs

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15
Q

What are the SE of antipsychotics?

A

Anticholinergic effects
Extrapyramidal effects
Photosensitivity
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

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16
Q

Give an example of a Butyrophenone

A

Haloperidol

17
Q

What are the atypical antipsychotic drugs?

A

Olanazpine
Quetiapine
Clozapine
Risperidone
Aripiprazole

18
Q

What are the indications for Carbemazepine?

A

Focal seizures
Grand Mal seizures

19
Q

What is the indication for Valproate?

A

Grand Mal seizures usually in children

20
Q

How does Penicillin work?

A

Cell wall disruption
Pen V: Works on S. Viridans, S. Progenies

21
Q

What does Amoxicillin work against?

A

Many Gram +ve
Respiratory organisms
Some Gram -ve organisms
Some resistance in S. Pneumonia & H. influenza

22
Q

How does Co-Amoxiclav work?

A

Beta lactase inhibited by Clavulanic acid
Allows penicillin to act on cell wall
Cover s both Gram +ve & -ve

23
Q

When are 3rd generation cephalosporins used?

A

Meningitis
Gonorrhoea

24
Q

How do sulphonamides work? What do they work on?

A

Act on folate pathway, similar to Trimethoprim
Can be used to Strep, Staph, E.Coli, H.influ

25
Q

What are examples of Macrolides? What is it used against?

A

Erythromycin
Clarithyromycin
Mycoplasma, atypical pneumonia, campylobacter, pertussis

26
Q

How do macrolides & Clindamycin & Tetracyclines work?

A

Bind to ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis

27
Q

How is Clindamycin good for osteomyelitis?

A

90% Oral bioavailability
Good tissue penetration
Good for anaerobic treatment

28
Q

What are tetracyclines used against?

A

Malaria
Rickettsia
Lyme disease
Chlamydia
Doxy: Resp diseases

29
Q

Why do we avoid giving tetracyclines to children?

A

Cause issues with teeth and bones
Teratogenic

30
Q

What do ahminoglycosides work against?

A

Gram -ve
Majority susceptible but some resistance via plasmids

31
Q

Why is Nitrofurantoin not used in pyelonephritis?

A

Poor tissue absorption
25% drug conc found in urine

32
Q

What does metronidazole work against?

A

Anaerobes
Protozoa
C. Diff
H. Pylori

33
Q

What drug group can cause tendon rupture?

A

Quinolones

34
Q

How does Chloramphenicol & Fusidic acid work?

A

Disruption of protein synthesis

35
Q

Why’s Chloramphenicol no longer given as a tablet?

A

Can cause fatal aplastic anaemia

36
Q

What anaesthetic agents inhibit NMDA receptors?

A

Ketamine
NO
Xenon

37
Q
A

Pharmacology RCOA (10 decks)

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