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ACPHS Microbio Antimicrobial Drugs > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Antibacterial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Phosphonomycin, Cycloserine, Bacitracin, Vancomycin, Beta-lactams

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2
Q

How Bacitracin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Blocks the secretion of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm by binding the lipid carrier bactoprenol and preventing its dephosphorylation

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3
Q

How Vancomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Binds to terminal D-ala-D-ala chains on NAM peptides preventing thereby preventing transglycosylation and transpeptidation

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4
Q

How Beta-lactams inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Inhibit the transpeptidation reaction that cross-links the peptide side-chains of the polysaccharide-peptidoglycan backbone

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5
Q

Order in which antibacterial drugs that affect cell wall synthesis will work

A

Phosphonomycin>Cycloserine>Bacitracin>Vancomycin>Beta-lactams

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6
Q

How Aminoglycosides- Streptomycin and Gentamicin inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunit of prokarytic ribosomes causing a change in 30S shape leading to misreading of mRNA

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7
Q

How Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

A

Blocks the enzymatic site of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes preventing formation of peptide bonds between aminoacids (rarely used)

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8
Q

How Lincosamides, Streptogramins and Macrolides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

A

Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes preventing movement of ribosome from one codon to the next

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9
Q

Antibacterial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Lincosamides, Streptogramins, Macrolides, Mupirocin, Oxazolidinines

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10
Q

Antibacterial drugs that disrupt cytoplasmic membranes

A

Gramicidin, Polymyxin

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11
Q

Antibacterial drugs that inhibit of metabolic pathways

A

Dapsone, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim

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12
Q

How Phosphonomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Inhibits the conversion of UDP-NAG to UDP-NAM by blocking pyruvyl transferase

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13
Q

How Cycloserine inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Inhibits the activity of enzymes that add alanines to peptide side-chain

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14
Q

Beta-lactam drugs

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams

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15
Q

How Tetracyclines inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

A

Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit at the tRNA docking site (A site)

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16
Q

Antibacterial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Flouroquinolones, Nitroimidazoles

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17
Q

How Mupirocin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

A

Selectively binds to the bacterial tRNA that carries the amino acid leucine therby preventing the incorporation of isoleucine into polypeptides

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18
Q

How Oxazolidinones- Linezolid inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

A

Block the formation of a stable 70S initiation complex thereby preventing translation

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19
Q

How Gramicidin disrupts bacterial cytoplasmic membranes

A

Short polypeptide that forms pores across cytoplasmic membrane damaging its integrity

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20
Q

How Polymyxin disrupts bacterial cytoplasmic membranes

A

Destroys cytoplasmic membranes of suceptible cells, Effective against gram negative bacteria, Toxic to human kidneys

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21
Q

How Dapsone inhibits bacterial metabolism

A

Interferes with synthesis of folic acid

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22
Q

How Sulfonamides inhibits bacterial metabolism

A

PABA analogs that bind to enzyme that produces dihydrofolic acid

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23
Q

How Trimethoprim inhibits bacterial metabolism

A

Binds to the enzyme that converts dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid

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24
Q

How Fluoroquinolones- Ciprofloxacin inhibits bacterial nucleic acid synthesis

A

Synthetic agents that inhibit DNA gyrase- enzyme necessary for proper coiling and uncoiling of replicating bacterial DNA

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25
Q

How Nitroimidazoles- Metronidazole inhibits bacterial nucleic acid synthesis

A

Anaerobic bacteria reduce the drug molecule and generate toxic free radicals which damage DNA leading to cell death

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26
Q

Antimycobacterial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Ethambutol, Isoniazid

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27
Q

Antimycobacterial drugs that disrupt cytoplasmic membranes

A

Pyrazinamide

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28
Q

Antimycobacterial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Rifamycin, Clofazimine

29
Q

How Ethambutol inhibits mycobacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Prevents the formation of mycolic acid- an important constituent in the cell wall of Mycobacteria

30
Q

How Isoniazid inhibits mycobacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Blocks the gene for an enzyme that forms mycolic acid

31
Q

How Pyrazinamide disrupts mycobacterial cytoplasmic membranes

A

Disrupts membrane transport and prevents the bacteria from repairing damaged proteins

32
Q

How Clofazimine inhibits mycobacterial nucleic acid synthesis

A

Binds to DNA of Mycobacterium leprae preventing replication and transcription

33
Q

How Rifamycin inhibits mycobacterial nucleic acid synthesis

A

Binds to mycobacterial RNA polymerase preventing transcription of RNA

34
Q

Antiviral drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Antisense nucleic acid drugs- Fomiversen

35
Q

Antiviral drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways

A

Drugs that inhibit viral uncoating - Amantadine, Rimantidine

Drugs that inhibit viral proteins- Protease inhibitors

36
Q

Antiviral drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Nucleotide/nucleoside analogs- Acyclovir, Ribavarin, Azidothymidine, Adenosine arabinoside

Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors

37
Q

Antiviral drugs that prevent viral attachment

A

Attachment antagonists- Arildone, Pleconaril

Neuraminidase inhibitors

38
Q

How Antisense Nucleic Acid Drugs- Fomiversen inhibits viral protein synthesis

A

Complementary to mRNA; binding prevents protein synthesis by blocking ribosomes

39
Q

How Drugs that inhibit viral uncoating (Arildone, Amantidine, Rimantadine) work to inhibit viral metabolic pathways

A

Neutralizes acidic environment of phagolysosomes necessary for viral uncoating

40
Q

How Drugs that inhibit viral proteins (Protease inhibitors) work to inhibit viral metabolic pathways

A

Blocks the active site of Protease enzyme required by HIV near the end of its replication cycle

41
Q

How Acyclovir and Ribavirin inhibit viral nucleic acid synthesis

A

Virally encoded kinase enzyme activates these drugs, Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis

42
Q

How Adenosine and Arabinoside inhibit viral nucleic acid synthesis

A

Cell-coded kinase enzyme activates the drug, Inhibits DNA synthesis, Viral DNA polymerase more likely to incorporate the drug

43
Q

How Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors (Azidothymidine) inhibits viral nucleic acid synthesis

A

Cell-coded kinase enzyme activates the drug, Inhibits DNA synthesis, Viral reverse transcriptase more likely to incorporate the drug, Used to treat HIV

44
Q

How Pleconaril inhibits viral attachment

A

Blocks attachment molecule on host cell

45
Q

How Neuraminidase (Zanamivir) inhibits viral attachment

A

Prevents Influenza virus from attaching to cells

46
Q

Antifungal drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Echinocandins

47
Q

Antifungal drugs that inhibit/disrupt cell membranes

A

Polyenes, azoles, allylamines

48
Q

Antifungal drugs that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

A

5-Fluorocytosine

49
Q

How Echinocandins inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis

A

Inhibits synthesis of glucan subunit of fungal cell wall

50
Q

How Polyenes (Amphotericin B, Nystatin) inhibit/disrupt fungal cell membranes

A

Binds with molecules of ergosterol, forming a pore through the fungal membrane, leading to leakage of cytoplasmic contents

51
Q

How Azoles (Fluconazole) inhibits/disrupts cell membranes

A

Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol

52
Q

How Allylamines (Terbinafine) inhibits/disrupts fungal cell membranes

A

Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol

53
Q

How 5-Fluorocytosin inhibits fungal nucleic acid synthesis

A

A fungal enzyme converts this drug into 5-fluorouracil - an analog of uracil that inhibits RNA function

54
Q

Antihelmintic/Anthelminthic (antiparasitic) drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways

A

Benzimidazole derivatives

55
Q

Antihelmintic/Anthelminthic (antiparasitic) drugs that disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Praziquantel and Ivermectin

56
Q

How Benzimidazoles inhibit helmintic/helminthic (parasitic) metabolic pathways

A

Inhibit microtubule formation and glucose uptake

57
Q

How Praziquantel and Ivermectin inhibit helmintic/helminthic (parasitic) cytoplasmic membranes

A

Increase cell membrane permeability

58
Q

Antiprotozoan drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways

A

Atovaquone, Benzimidazole, Furazolidone, Proguanil, Pyrimethamine, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim

59
Q

Antiprotozoan drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Nitroimidazoles, Pentamidine, Quinolones

60
Q

How Atovaquone inhibits protozoan metabolic pathways

A

Interrupts electron transport chain

61
Q

How Benzimidazole inhibit protozoan metabolic pathways

A

Inhibit microtubule formation and glucose uptake

62
Q

How Furazolidone inhibits protozoan metabolic pathways

A

Blocks carbohydrate metabolism pathway

63
Q

How Proguanil and Pyrimethamine inhibit protozoan metabolic pathways

A

Blocks second step in folic acid biosynthetic pathway

64
Q

How Sulfonamides inhibit protozoan metabolic pathways

A

PABA analogs that bind to enzyme that produces dihydrofolic acid

65
Q

How Trimethoprim inhibits protozoan metabolic pathways

A

Binds to the enzyme that converts dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid

66
Q

How Nitroimidazole inhibits protozoan nucleic acid synthesis

A

Anaerobic conditions reduce the drug molecule and generate toxic free radicals which damage DNA leading to cell death

67
Q

How Pentamidine inhibits protozoan nucleic acid synthesis

A

Binds to nucleic acids inhibiting replication, transcription, and translation

68
Q

How Quinolones (Chloroquine) inhibits protozoan nucleic acid synthesis

A

Unknown mechanism

ACPHS Microbio Antimicrobial Drugs (1 decks)

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