drugs Flashcards
drugs definition
any substance taken into the body that modifies/affects chemical reactions in the boday
antibiotics
for bacterial infection, NO effect on viruses, some bacteria are restistant to antibiotics which reduces the effectiveness of them
they affect the working of bacterial cells, either by disrupting their structure or function or by preventing them from reproducing.
antibiotic resistance in bacteria
in a population of bacteria, one bacterium mutates and becomes antibiotic resistant, which is not killed, the antibiotic resistant multiplies, antibiotic resistant bacteria can transfer to their mutation to other bacteria
why don’t antibiotics affect viruses
antibio work by dirupting cell functions (eg respiration) or dreaking doewn the cell structure, viruses don’t carry any cell functions and don’t have cell walls, membranes or organelles, so antibiotics can’t affect them
how to prevent/slow down the formation of antibiotic bacteria
only use antibiotics for infection caused by bacteria for infection caused by bacteria, only perscribed by docteur, don’t use antibio from previous prescription, complete the perscribed course
effects of excesive alchool and heroin abuse
- powerful depressant drugs
- effect on reaction times and self control
- addiction and withdrawal simptoms
- negative social implications, eg crime
Heroin: effects in nervous system
- in the brain there are many chemical neurotransmitters that transfer nerve impulses across synapnes
- the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and fit into receptor molecules
- one group of neurotransmitters diffuse is called endorphins, which reduce pain, affect mood, reduce sensa`tions of hunger/thirst
what happens when the heroin enters the brain
it is metabolised as morphine, morphinmolecules fit into the endorphin receptors, users feel good
why is heroin an addicting substance
can reduce the production of natural endorphins and other neurotransmitters, which is why repeated use leads to the need for greater and greater amounts in order to get the same feelings
liver and alchool
The liver removes alcohol from the bloodstream
it has enzymes that break down alcohol but the products of the reactions involved are toxic and over time, the liver can be irreparably damaged
what does smoking cause
Smoking causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD, coronary heart disease, lung cancer
components of cigarettes
nicotine - an addictive substance which also narrows blood vessels
tar - accumulates in the bronchi, stimulates goblet cells and mucus glands to enlarge, producing more mucus
It destroys cilia and mucus builds up blocking the smallest bronchioles
cancer
carbon monoxide, smokin
binds irreversibly to haemoglobin, reducing the capacity of blood to carry oxygen
This puts more strain on the breathing system as breathing frequency and depth need to increase in order to get the same amount of oxygen into the blood
Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport
testosterone - produced in male testes, muscle growth (more proteins to be made in muscles)and maintenance
anabolic steroids - increases muscle mass, helps athletes train harder and for longer periods of time, and can increase aggression
