Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI Week > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Contraindications for emetics

A

Brachycephalic airway disease, laryngeal paralysis, hiatal hernia, hypovolemic, ingestion of corrosive substance or already symptomatic from toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mechanism of action of Hydrogen Peroxide

A

Direct gastric irritant, risk of ulceration and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When would H2O2 peroxide be a good choice for an emetic? Bad choice?

A

Good choice: Client financially restricted, can’t make it to vet - only for dogs

Bad choice: Cats! severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mechanism of action of apomorphine

A

Dopamine receptor agonist (CRTZ, central), also has anti-serotinergic effects that kick in afterwards and can lead to sedation/resp depression (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When would Apomorphine be a good choice for an emetic? Bad choice?

A

Good: Hospitalized - since usually given IV (and IV admin leads to rapid induction of vomiting)

Bad: Not effective in cats!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mechanism of action of dexmedetomidine?

A

Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist that acts directly on CRTZ … IM works better than IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is Dexmedetomidine indicated for emesis?

A

Cats! Since can’t give cats hydrogen peroxide and apomorphine isn’t that effective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mechanism of action of ropinirole?

A

Emetic, dopamine receptor agonist (like apomorphine), acts at CRTZ (central)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Clinical uses for ropinirole as an emetic?

A

Dogs! Ophthalmic drops –> easy administration, owner’s can give at home, good for repeat offenders (recently approved)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 contraindications for antiemetics

A

1) If the animal has a gastrointestinal obstruction (masks signs of obstruction and could delay care –> perforation –> sepsis
2) Puppies <3 months (e.g. for parvo) can cause bone marrow hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mechanism of action of Maropitant?

A

NK1 receptor antagonist (central/peripheral), blocks action of substance P centrally, directly blocks NK1 receptor peripherally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical uses/considerations: Maropitant?

A

Best choice for dogs and cats for anti-emesis, does cause pain on injection (cooling helps), efficacious against motion sickness!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mechanism of Action of Odansetron

A

Odansetron is a serotonin antagonist that acts at the 5-HT3 receptor (centrally and peripherally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical use/considerations for Odansetron

A

2 choice antiemetic for dogs/cats… less effective than maropitant, more effective than Metoclopramide

Especially good for chemotherapy nausea

IV - fast acting - hospital use

Note - off label use (approved for humans, used in animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mechanism of action of Metoclopramide as an anti-emetic

A

Metoclopramide is a dopamine antagonist (blocks 5HT3 receptors) - centrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical uses/considerations for Metoclopramide as an anti-emetic

A

Less effective in cats - thought to have fewer dopamine receptors

Less effective than Maropitant or Odansetron … won’t work well when there is a severe stimulus for vomiting (like acute pancreatitis)

Prokinetic effects so avoid if obstructed

Don’t use with phenothiazines since also causes extrapyramidal effects

Needs to be given in hospital

CRI may help effectiveness

17
Q

Mechanism of action of Phenothiazines for antiemesis and 2 major side effects that limit use these days

A

Act at myriad central receptors (CRTZ and vomiting center)

May cause sedation and hypotension - rarely used

18
Q

What is the #1 choice for prokinetic drug for dogs and cats? Is it for use in hospital or at home?

A

Metoclopramide, dopamine antagonism prevents vomiting but prokinetic mechanism poorly understood.

Needs to be used in hospital (IV/CRI) and also can’t be used with phenos.

Good choice if animal also nauseous because it has prokinetic effects

19
Q

Whats the #2 choice of prokinetic drugs for dogs and cats? MOA? Is it for use in hospital or at home?

A

Cisapride! It’s a 5HT4 serotonin antagonist.

Needs to be compounded, otherwise would be #1 up there with metoclopramide ….

Can be useful for preventing reflux (but doesnt improve esophageal motility)….

Oral only, better for at home use (or tube feed in hospital if animal sick)

20
Q

Which antibiotic can be used as a prokinetic by stimulating motilin receptors? Indications for use? Problems?

A

Erythromycin

Good for intestinal motility (contraction of smooth muscle)

Short term only

Animals can develop tolerance with long term use - tachyphylaxis

21
Q

What should you address first before giving an appetite stimulant

A

Nausea! (otherwise animal will develop a learned food aversion … not good)

22
Q

1st choice appetite stimulant in dogs that must be avoided in cats? MOA?

A

Capromorelin, ghrelin analog

23
Q

1st choice appetite stimulant for cats (2nd choice for dogs?) MOA? Important considerations?

A

Mirtazapine, tetracyclic antidepressant

Dosing must be exact, so if you can’t get it to be perfect based on formulations, don’t use…. otherwise adverse CNS stimulation

24
Q

2nd choice appetite stimulant in cats (that can’t be used in dogs)? MOA?

A

Cyproheptadine, H1 receptor antagonist and 5 HT 2 antagonist, avoid in dogs….

25
Q

Describe 4 options for antacids and explain differences

A

PPIs - best (esp for racing sled dogs) takes a few days to work (pantop. is IV, omep. is oral)

H2RAs - work but not as effective as PPIS

Sucralfate activated (dissociates) in acidic environment, one part binds to proteinaceous exudate found at ulcer sites

Misoprosol (PGE1 analong) - best when chronic NSAIDS for arthritis

26
Q

Whats the 1st choice laxative? MOA? Indications?

A

Lactulose - osmotic agent - good for softening stools without causing diarrhea (diff dose than for encephalopathy)

27
Q

How does docusate sodium (2nd choice laxative) work - how is it given - and when would you want to avoid?

A

Emulsifies fecal content, impairs water absorption (increasing water content of fecal material)

Can be given in oral forms or as enema

Avoid if pre-existing electrolyte or fluid deficits

28
Q

How does Bisocodyl work? what’s is trade name? route? when not to use?

A

Increases motility via intramural nerve plexuses, increases ion and fluid accumulation in large intestine

PO (6-8 hour onset)

Don’t give with antacids! Disintegrates enteric coating yikes

Don’t give chronically - myenteric nerve injury

29
Q

When WOULD you give metronidazole for diarrhea?

A

Known, defined chronic enteropathy not responsive to diet shifts

30
Q

What can you give for acute diarrhea in a systemically well animal?

A

Psyllium (binding/bulking) + probiotics

31
Q

Which anti diarrheal is rarely used in small animal practice (and never for cats)? When may it be used in dogs?

A

Loperamide (opioid) - using constipation side effect of opiate to your advantage

NEVER use in cats

May be useful for chemotherapy induced diarrhea in dogs; Good for short-term flare ups of other chronic conditions

GI Week (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions