Drug Use, Misuse, Residues Flashcards
OTC
Over the Counter
ELUD or ELDU
extra label use drug or drug usage
VCPR
veterinary client patient relationship
key elements:
vet engage w/ client to assume responsibility for making clinical judgments about patient health
sufficient knowledge of patient by virtue of patient exam &/or visits to facility where patient is managed
provide for any necessary flowup eval/care
req vets to follow state defined VCPR requirements
in states where FDA determines that no applilcable or appropriate state VCPR requirements exist - vets need to issue VFDs in compliance w/ federally defined VCPR
Food Animal (FA)
edible tissues consumed by people in the country
FDA changes status of non-FA to FA if believed to regularly be consumed
Baytril
federal law prohibit extra label use in FA’s
tx certain bovine/swine respiratory dz
Potbellied Pigs
FA novelty worn off -> get rid of too big/aggressive/illegal strays -> problems to humane shelters / slaughter
AMDUCA
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act
a law which regulates drugs used in animals
ELUD
valid vcpr no labeled drug adequate records prolonged w/d times proper label by vet
VFD
veterinary feed directive
extra label feed additives
written statement issued by licensed vet in course of vet’s professional practice
authorizes use of VFD drug or combo VFD drug in or on animal feed
authorizes client (owner of animal/animals or caretaker) to obtain & use animal feed bearing or containing VFD drug/combo VFD drugd to tx client’s animal only in accordance w/ conditions for use approved, conditionally approved, indexed by FDA
final rule req vets to issue all VFD’s w/in context of VCPR
cover major species: cattle, swine, chickens, turkeys, dogs, cats
Prohibited in FA
Chloramphenicol Clenbuterol Diethylstilbestrol Dimetridazole Ipronidazole Nitroimidazoles Furazolidone Nitrofurazone Sulfonamides --lactating dairy --except: Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfamomethazine, Sulfathoxypyridazine Flouroquinolones Glycopeptides Phenylbutazone --female dairy cow >20mos Cephalosporin --exclude cephaprin --not for species dz prevention
FARAD
Food Animal Residue Avoidance Database
can get w/d info when you don’t know when extralabel
provide sciende-based advice to help mitigate unsafe chemical residues in products from food animals
Milk & Dairy Beef Residue Prevention Protocol
- practice healthy herd management
- establish a valid vcpr
- use only FDA approved OTC or prescription drugs
- label correctly
- store drugs correctly
- admin drugs correctly & ID tx’d animals
- maintain tx records
- use drug residue screening tests
- implement employee/family awareness
- complete protocol annually
Drug Residue Screening Tests
No abxs in milk (organic or non-organic) test for beta lactam abxs before unload truck Meat w/d --important --labels & doc w/d times --abx residue testing in slaughter houses --under supervision of USDA FSIS vets --cull cows - special attn
FAST
Fast Abx Screening Test
detects substances in tissues - inhibit Bacillus megaterium growth
Market for Swine Drugs
growth promotants GI dz - nursery pigs Resp dz - Ileitis Atrophic Rhinitis External & Internal Parasites
The 5 Rights
Right patient Right drug Right time Right dose Right route
Market for Cattle Drugs
Resp dz - biggest thing in dairy cattle
parasitism
reproduction - hormones (rx drugs need to be aware of)
mastitis
production enhancement
–BST: almost nonexistent - public perception that hormones are bad
–Bovatec/Rumensin: feed additives
Hot Milk
milk w/ abxs
special features of dairy cow
product sold daily intense product surevaillance & regulation milk contains fat special health issues of milking cows --metabolic dz --mastisis --reproduction (infectious & hormonal) infectious foot conditions
Potential risks to humans from drug residues
direct poisoning of drug residue --toxicity --pharmacologic effect cancer mutations change gut bacteria bacterial drug resistance allergy effects on food processing
Illegal Drugs
drugs banned from us in dairy animals
--Sulfasmethazine (except under 20mos)
--other Sulfonamides
--Tetracyclines as feed additives
--now labeled in dairy as therapeutic drug
banned in any food animal
--chloramphenicol
--clenbuterol
--diethylstilbestrol
--dimetridazole
--ipronidazole
--other nitroimidazoles (metronidazole)
--furazolidone
--nitrofurazone
--fluoroquionolones - except approved use
--glycopeptides
--dipyrone
--phenylbutazone (dairy >20mos))Ceftiofur
tx of calf septicemia (Naxcel)
no drugs approved for septicemia
prohibited use extra label except for indications
not illegal
Enrofloxacin
tx of resp dz in dairy cow
extralabel use of fluoroquinolones is illegal
Flunixin Meglumine Inj
IV or IM use in horses
IV use in beef/dairy cows
Not for use in dry dairy cow & veal calves
Fed law restricts use by or on order of licensed vet
Indications:
–Cattle: control of pyrexia assoc w/ bovine respiratory dz & endotoxemia
–control of inflammation & endotoxemia
Dose & Admin:
–Cattle: for pyrexia assoc w/ bovine respiratory dz & endotoxemia & control of inflammation in enodotoxemia = 1.1 - 2.2mg/kg slow IV SID or BID up to 3 days
Residue: Cattle must not be slaughtered for human consumption w/in 4 days of last tx. Milk taken during tx & for 36 hrs after last tx not used for food.
Not for use in dairy cows
w/d period not established in preruminating calves
do not use in calves to be processed for veal
Extra Label
does not mean illegal
based on vet’s discretion
need to alter w/d periods based on extralabel usage
ELUD Label
Name & address of veterinary & pharmacist if so dispensed
directions: patient ID, class/species, dosage, frequency, route of admin, duration of therapy
withdrawal/witholding, discard times for meat, milk, eggs, etc
established name or active ingredients of drug
cautionary statement
Extralabel: legal/illegal
label specifically says that use of drug in extralabel manner is prohibited = illegal
completely illegal
–some drugs that are totally prohibited from food animal use
–chloramphenicol
–no food animal species is on label - thus any use = illegal
Abx Use Concerns
Fluoroquinolones Naxcel & Excenel Cefazolin Gentamicin on farm decision making injectables vs intramammary for mastitis tx extended abx therapy for mastitis multiple use bottles for intramammary medicated milk replacer - veal - neomycin
Other drug issues
european ban on hormonal growth promotants
(precautionary principle)
–estradiol, progesterone, testosterone
–trenbolone, zeranol (ralgro), melengestrol acetate
minor use, minor species act, 2004 (MUMS)
–conditional approval
–index of legal marketed unapproved animal drugs
–orphan drugs
drugs/classes of drugs approved for tx/prevent influenza A in humans
prohibitied from ELDU in chickens, turkeys, ducks regardless of whether or not ELDU criteria met
Adamantanes
Neuraminidase inhibitors
extralabel use of drugs in txing food producing animals for improving rate of wt gain, feed efficiency, other production purposes is prohibited under AMDUCA
no extralabel uses in animal feed allowed
Choosing Antibiotic
drugs have different availabilities (bound up to proteins in blood or free)
–free drug = active form
drugs have different tissue preferences
–some like concentrate in tissues, fat, blood, etc
–drug may get too high level in blood
some drugs penetrate tissue well & others don’t
Choosing Antimicrobial
abx sensitivity drug thickness
admin route contraindications - abortion
dose frequency owner compliance
animal disposition efficacy
# being tx’d # of doses
w/d times cost
severity of dz human health hazard
size of animal prognosis
Penicillin (Procaine P G; Polyflex [amoxicillin]; Benzathine Pen), K pen (IV)
PPG gram + spectrum daily dosing medium w/d times (10days) cheap OTC example use: footrot, presurgical, listeria, clostridial infections
Oxytetracycline (100, 200, 300mg/ml; Chlortetracycline)
Long acting 200 broad spectrum bacteriostatic thick soln inj rxns 1-3 day dosing interval (100 & 200mg) 7 day interval (300mg) cheap OTC
Cephalosporins (Ceftiofus sodium, Naxcel, Ceftiofur HCl, Excenel & Excede)
Naxcel - most dairies bc w/d times broad spectrum: more gram - moderate cost short w/d times daily dosing (except Excede ~7 days) sml volume of dose
Ceftiofur
extralabel use prohibited except for indications (ok for sml ruminants) naxcel, excenel, excede all labeled for (except intramammary) --BRD: Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Histophilus Excenel labeled for: --footrot --metritis Naxcel (Bo, Po, Ov, Cap) --Bo: footrot & BRD only
Florfenicol (Nuflor)
good for resp infections broad spectrum static fairly expensive dosing for 2 to 4 days thick
EXAM
Enrofloxacin (Baytril)
Danofloxacin (A180)
broad spectrum
expensive
1-2day dosing interval
extralabel use is ILLEGAL
Spectinomycin (Spectam)
Erythromycin
Tylosin
less common use cheap spectam - bovine resp dz tylosin - sheep & swine dzes erythromycin???
Tilmicosin (Micotil)
good resp dz drug don't dispense to backyard client bovine resp dz seminal vesiculitis 3 day dosing interval fatal injections (cattle & humans) moderate expense
Draxxin - New Abx
Tulathromycin (erythromycin cousin)
not labeled for female dairy cow >/= 20mos
dose 1ml/88lbs
cattle & swine
SQ cattle; IM swine
Cattle: labeled for bacterial resp dz
one shot last ~ 7 days (long acting)
painful in goats
Swine: labeled for swine resp dz (A. pleuropneumoniae, P. multocida, Bordetella, H. parasuis)
meat w/d: 18 days cattle & 5 days swine
single dose
Zuprevo (Macrolide)
target resp tissue only labeled for cattle works well for pneumonia concentration in lungs for 28 days 1 shot 1ml/100lbs meat w/d = 21 days highly syringeable
Gentamicin
broad spectrum
loooong w/d times - 1.5 years
relatively cheap
gentamicin induced nephrotoxicosis in cow
antibiotic sensitivity
tells us what won’t work
route of administration
IV, IM, SQ, PO (few oral drugs; rumen inactivates)
FDA’s Guidance #213
illegal to use medically important abxs for production purposes & animal producers will need to obtain authrization from licensed vet to use them for prevention, control, tx of specifically identified dz
