Drug Use Final Flashcards
water-retaining laxatives
hold water in the GI tract to soften stool
-magnesium hydroxide
stimulant laxatives
cause intestine and colon contraction to help propel stool through GI tract more quickly
-bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
bulk forming agents
reduce diarrhea by being absorbent and thus increase stool viscosity
-psyllium colloid (Metamucil)
bismuth subsalicylate
binds to/inactivates bacteria toxins (released during infection) & reduces inflammation
-bismuth subsalicylate (pepto-bismol)
“delayogens”
non-absorbed opiates, that slow down stool movement through the intestine allowing time for water removal
-loperamide (imodium)
bulk forming agents
reduce diarrhea by being absorbent & thus increase stool viscosity
-psyllium colloid (metamucil)
gerd
long-term condition where stomach acid gets into the esophagus causing inflammation, stomach lining erosion, and bleeding
-caused by abnormal relaxation or weakening of the esophageal sphincter
peptic ulcers
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or upper intestine
-caused by helicobacter pylori & NSAIDS
antacids
reduces GERD/ulcers by directly neutralizing stomach acid
-TUMS
proton pump inhibitors
Block the acid-K+ pump, reducing stomach acid production to treat GERD, ulcers, & NSAID-induced ulcers
-omeprazole
H2 receptor antagonists
Prevent acid-K+ pump stimulation, reducing stomach acid production to treat GERD & prevent ulcer recurrence
-cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine
bismuth compounds
Increase mucous secretion, adhere to ulcer carters, & detach H. pylori
-bismuth subsalicylate
antibiotics
Eliminate H. pylori, may be used to treat ulcers
-amoxicillin
orlistat
Works in the GI tract to decrease fat absorption from food
phentermine/topiramate
Works in the brain to modulate food intake
bupropion/naltrexone
Works in the brain to modulate food intake
semaglutide (wegovy)
Works in the brain to modulate food intake
setmelanotide (imcivree)
Works in the brain to modulate both food intake & energy expenditure
2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)
Increases resting metabolism (very effective by severe toxicity)
Restrictive bariatric surgey
decreases stomach size
Gastric bypass
bypasses stomach and part of small intestine
Β-blockers
Reduces blood pumped by heart & reduces blood pressure
-atenolol
Vasodilation
lowers blood pressure (caused by nitric oxide)
Vasoconstriction
raising blood pressure (caused by angiotensin system)
Vasodilators
increases nitric oxide in blood vessels thus relaxing them
-nitroglycerin
What is diabetes?
a disease in which the body is unable to properly use and store glucose (sugar), lack of insulin production or lack of insulin action
Type 1 diabetes
Immune system destroys beta cells of the pancreas resulting in lack of insulin production and hyperglycemia.
Insulin is only current treatment.
Insulin
increases glucose uptake and utilization
-lispro (rapid-acting)
-regular (short-acting)
-glargine (long-acting)
Insulin shock
sweating, rapid heartbeat, unconsciousness
Type 2 diabetes
Highly associated with obesity; tissues become insulin resistant resulting in hyperglycemia. Can be treated with a variety of drugs or with insulin, if needed.
Biguanides
lower glucose production by liver
-metformin
Sulfonylureas
enhance insulin secretion from beta cells of pancreas
-glipizide
Thiazolidinediones
increases insulin sensitivity of fat, muscle, and liver
-pioglitazone
Glucose reabsorption inhibitors
increases glucose excretion in urine
-empagliflozin
Gestational diabetes
thought to be caused by surge of pregnancy hormones and insufficient insulin action in the mother that drives
excess glucose to the baby in utero. Treated with diet and exercise
What is cancer?
the uncontrolled overgrowth of abnormal cells that can spread to surrounding tissues
Increased cell proliferation
enhanced growth signaling promotes cell division, insensitive to growth inhibition
-common characteristic of cancer
Evasion of cell death
resistant to normal cell death cues, makes more survival promoting factors
-common characteristic of cancer
Limitless cell replication potential
common characteristic of cancer
Increased blood supply
the development of new branches of blood vessels from existing blood vessels
-common characteristic of cancer
Tissue invasion & metastasis
invades tissues, spreads through the blood stream, & develop tumors at distant sites
-common characteristic of cancer
Inherited DNA damage (cancer)
mutations in DNA inherited from your parents
Environmental DNA damage (cancer)
chemicals, UV light, viruses
Radiation
Goal: to kill rapidly growing cancer cells
Mechanism: causes severe DNA damage
Drawbacks: damages normal cells
Chemotherapy: cisplatin
Goal: kill rapidly growing cancer cells
Mechanism: cross-links DNA, disrupting DNA structure and function
Use: ovarian and testicular cancers
Side effects: nausea, vomiting, hair loss
Toxic effects: kidney failure
Chemotherapy: doxorubicin
Goal: to kill rapidly growing cancer cells
Mechanism: inhibits an enzyme that is necessary for repairing DNA and also causes DNA mutations by inserting
into the DNA
Use: breast, ovarian, leukemias, lymphomas, etc.
Side effects: nausea, vomiting, hair loss
Toxic effects: irreversible heart toxicity
Targeted therapy: tamoxifen
Goal: to reduce cell growth signaling by estrogen
Mechanism: Competitive inhibitor of estrogen at the estrogen receptor (ER) on cancer cells that are
dependent on estrogen for growth
Use: ER-expressing breast cancers
side effects: blood clots, hot flashes
Targeted therapy: trastuzumab
Goal: to reduce cell growth signaling
Mechanism: Antagonizes a protein (Her2)
important for growth signaling in breast cancer cells
Use: Her2-expressing breast cancers, lung cancers
Side effects: fever, chills, headache
Immune enhancing drug: nivolumab mechanism
Mechanism: enhance immune system function
during cancer
Use: treats wide variety of cancers (e.g. melanoma,
lung cancer, colon cancer)
Side effects: autoimmunity
Why do cancer treatments not always work?
cancer cells develop resistance to the treatment being used
Toxicology
the study of adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms
Side effects
common results of taking medication, not life threatening
Toxic effects
possible outcomes of taking a medication, permanent damage/life threatening
Bioaccumulation
-excretion of a toxic substance is lower than its intake
-results in accumulation of the toxic substance in the body
Biomagnification
-incremental increase in the concentration of a toxic substance at each level of the food chain
-results in higher concentrations of a toxic substance as you move up the food chain
Methanol & blindness (alcohol toxicities)
Methanol is metabolized into a toxic compound (formic acid) which destroys the optic nerve
Ethylene glycol & kidney damage (alcohol toxicities)
-ethylene glycol is metabolized into a different toxic compound (oxalic acid) which forms crystals that accumulate in and damage the kidney
Carbon monoxide (CO)
-air pollutant, colorless, odorless
-impairs the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen
Ozone
air pollutant, bluish gas with slightly pungent odor
Radon
air pollutant, naturally occurring radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer
Lead
-heavy metal poisoning, from paint/toys
-causes learning disabilities, high blood pressure
Acne
a condition where sebaceous glands in the skin become inflamed and/or infected
-hormones, follicle changes, increased sebum production, bacteria
Tetracycline
acne treatment, kills P. acnes (protein synthesis inhibitor)
Isotretinoin (accutane)
acne treatment, unclogs pores, reduces oil production/inflammation
Psoriasis
a chronic, autoimmune disorder marked by red, itchy, & scaly patches of skin & caused by overproduction/accumulation of
skin cells
Eczema
known as “the itch that rashes”, is a condition where patches of skin become inflamed, itchy, red, cracked, & rough
causes: genetics, skin defect
Squamous cell carcinoma
the 2nd most common type of skin cancer & can form large masses that are capable of metastasis
Malignant melanoma
the most dangerous skin cancer, caused by abnormal melanocyte proliferation and sun exposure
Nutrients
Substances obtained from food and used for growth, maintenance and/or repair of tissues
–water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins & minerals
Vitamins
-organic nutrients that promote essential body functions and increase energy
-2 types: water soluble & fat soluble
-increases energy & essential body functions
Minerals
-Inorganic nutrients (chemical elements) that promote essential body functions
-promotes essential body functions
Vitamin B3 ‐ Niacin
-creates energy & boosts neurotransmission
-effects of excess: minor
-diseases caused by deficiency: pellagra
Vitamin B6 ‐ Pyridoxine
-energy & neurotransmission
-effects of excess: minor
-diseases caused by deficiency: seborrheic dermatitis
Vitamin B9 ‐ Folic Acid
deficiency = anemia & birth defects
Vitamin B12 ‐ Cobalamin
-energy & red blood cell production
-effects of excess: minor
-deficiency: anemia
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
-water-soluble
-tissue maintenance, neurotransmission, immune system function
-effects of excess: minor
-deficiency: scurvy
Vitamin A
-fat-soluble
-vision, immune system
-deficiency: impaired night vision, dry cornea
Vitamin D
-fat-soluble
-regulates calcium
-deficiency: rickets & osteoporosis
Vitamin E
-fat-soluble
-tissue maintenance, immune system function
-deficiency: weakness
Calcium
-bones & teeth, muscle contraction
-deficiency: rickets & muscle weakness
Iron
-hemoglobin - binds iron to carry oxygen in red blood cells
-deficiency: anemia
Iodine
-thyroid hormone, regulates energy & oxygen
-effects of excess: severe
-deficiency: goiter
Zinc
-promotes immune system function, cold remedy
-severe: permanent loss of smell
