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Drug Use & Abuse > Drug Use Final > Flashcards

Drug Use Final Flashcards

1
Q

water-retaining laxatives

A

hold water in the GI tract to soften stool
-magnesium hydroxide

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2
Q

stimulant laxatives

A

cause intestine and colon contraction to help propel stool through GI tract more quickly
-bisacodyl (Dulcolax)

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3
Q

bulk forming agents

A

reduce diarrhea by being absorbent and thus increase stool viscosity
-psyllium colloid (Metamucil)

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4
Q

bismuth subsalicylate

A

binds to/inactivates bacteria toxins (released during infection) & reduces inflammation
-bismuth subsalicylate (pepto-bismol)

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5
Q

“delayogens”

A

non-absorbed opiates, that slow down stool movement through the intestine allowing time for water removal
-loperamide (imodium)

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6
Q

bulk forming agents

A

reduce diarrhea by being absorbent & thus increase stool viscosity
-psyllium colloid (metamucil)

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7
Q

gerd

A

long-term condition where stomach acid gets into the esophagus causing inflammation, stomach lining erosion, and bleeding
-caused by abnormal relaxation or weakening of the esophageal sphincter

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8
Q

peptic ulcers

A

sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or upper intestine
-caused by helicobacter pylori & NSAIDS

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9
Q

antacids

A

reduces GERD/ulcers by directly neutralizing stomach acid
-TUMS

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10
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

Block the acid-K+ pump, reducing stomach acid production to treat GERD, ulcers, & NSAID-induced ulcers
-omeprazole

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11
Q

H2 receptor antagonists

A

Prevent acid-K+ pump stimulation, reducing stomach acid production to treat GERD & prevent ulcer recurrence
-cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine

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12
Q

bismuth compounds

A

Increase mucous secretion, adhere to ulcer carters, & detach H. pylori
-bismuth subsalicylate

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13
Q

antibiotics

A

Eliminate H. pylori, may be used to treat ulcers
-amoxicillin

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14
Q

orlistat

A

Works in the GI tract to decrease fat absorption from food

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15
Q

phentermine/topiramate

A

Works in the brain to modulate food intake

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16
Q

bupropion/naltrexone

A

Works in the brain to modulate food intake

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17
Q

semaglutide (wegovy)

A

Works in the brain to modulate food intake

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18
Q

setmelanotide (imcivree)

A

Works in the brain to modulate both food intake & energy expenditure

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19
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)

A

Increases resting metabolism (very effective by severe toxicity)

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20
Q

Restrictive bariatric surgey

A

decreases stomach size

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21
Q

Gastric bypass

A

bypasses stomach and part of small intestine

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22
Q

Β-blockers

A

Reduces blood pumped by heart & reduces blood pressure
-atenolol

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23
Q

Vasodilation

A

lowers blood pressure (caused by nitric oxide)

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24
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

raising blood pressure (caused by angiotensin system)

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25
Q

Vasodilators

A

increases nitric oxide in blood vessels thus relaxing them
-nitroglycerin

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26
Q

What is diabetes?

A

a disease in which the body is unable to properly use and store glucose (sugar), lack of insulin production or lack of insulin action

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27
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Immune system destroys beta cells of the pancreas resulting in lack of insulin production and hyperglycemia.
Insulin is only current treatment.

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28
Q

Insulin

A

increases glucose uptake and utilization
-lispro (rapid-acting)
-regular (short-acting)
-glargine (long-acting)

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29
Q

Insulin shock

A

sweating, rapid heartbeat, unconsciousness

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30
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Highly associated with obesity; tissues become insulin resistant resulting in hyperglycemia. Can be treated with a variety of drugs or with insulin, if needed.

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31
Q

Biguanides

A

lower glucose production by liver
-metformin

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32
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

enhance insulin secretion from beta cells of pancreas
-glipizide

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33
Q

Thiazolidinediones

A

increases insulin sensitivity of fat, muscle, and liver
-pioglitazone

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34
Q

Glucose reabsorption inhibitors

A

increases glucose excretion in urine
-empagliflozin

35
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

thought to be caused by surge of pregnancy hormones and insufficient insulin action in the mother that drives
excess glucose to the baby in utero. Treated with diet and exercise

36
Q

What is cancer?

A

the uncontrolled overgrowth of abnormal cells that can spread to surrounding tissues

37
Q

Increased cell proliferation

A

enhanced growth signaling promotes cell division, insensitive to growth inhibition
-common characteristic of cancer

38
Q

Evasion of cell death

A

resistant to normal cell death cues, makes more survival promoting factors
-common characteristic of cancer

39
Q

Limitless cell replication potential

A

common characteristic of cancer

40
Q

Increased blood supply

A

the development of new branches of blood vessels from existing blood vessels
-common characteristic of cancer

41
Q

Tissue invasion & metastasis

A

invades tissues, spreads through the blood stream, & develop tumors at distant sites
-common characteristic of cancer

42
Q

Inherited DNA damage (cancer)

A

mutations in DNA inherited from your parents

43
Q

Environmental DNA damage (cancer)

A

chemicals, UV light, viruses

44
Q

Radiation

A

Goal: to kill rapidly growing cancer cells
Mechanism: causes severe DNA damage
Drawbacks: damages normal cells

45
Q

Chemotherapy: cisplatin

A

Goal: kill rapidly growing cancer cells
Mechanism: cross-links DNA, disrupting DNA structure and function
Use: ovarian and testicular cancers
Side effects: nausea, vomiting, hair loss
Toxic effects: kidney failure

46
Q

Chemotherapy: doxorubicin

A

Goal: to kill rapidly growing cancer cells
Mechanism: inhibits an enzyme that is necessary for repairing DNA and also causes DNA mutations by inserting
into the DNA
Use: breast, ovarian, leukemias, lymphomas, etc.
Side effects: nausea, vomiting, hair loss
Toxic effects: irreversible heart toxicity

47
Q

Targeted therapy: tamoxifen

A

Goal: to reduce cell growth signaling by estrogen
Mechanism: Competitive inhibitor of estrogen at the estrogen receptor (ER) on cancer cells that are
dependent on estrogen for growth
Use: ER-expressing breast cancers
side effects: blood clots, hot flashes

48
Q

Targeted therapy: trastuzumab

A

Goal: to reduce cell growth signaling
Mechanism: Antagonizes a protein (Her2)
important for growth signaling in breast cancer cells
Use: Her2-expressing breast cancers, lung cancers
Side effects: fever, chills, headache

49
Q

Immune enhancing drug: nivolumab mechanism

A

Mechanism: enhance immune system function
during cancer
Use: treats wide variety of cancers (e.g. melanoma,
lung cancer, colon cancer)
Side effects: autoimmunity

50
Q

Why do cancer treatments not always work?

A

cancer cells develop resistance to the treatment being used

51
Q

Toxicology

A

the study of adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms

52
Q

Side effects

A

common results of taking medication, not life threatening

53
Q

Toxic effects

A

possible outcomes of taking a medication, permanent damage/life threatening

54
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

-excretion of a toxic substance is lower than its intake
-results in accumulation of the toxic substance in the body

55
Q

Biomagnification

A

-incremental increase in the concentration of a toxic substance at each level of the food chain
-results in higher concentrations of a toxic substance as you move up the food chain

56
Q

Methanol & blindness (alcohol toxicities)

A

Methanol is metabolized into a toxic compound (formic acid) which destroys the optic nerve

57
Q

Ethylene glycol & kidney damage (alcohol toxicities)

A

-ethylene glycol is metabolized into a different toxic compound (oxalic acid) which forms crystals that accumulate in and damage the kidney

58
Q

Carbon monoxide (CO)

A

-air pollutant, colorless, odorless
-impairs the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen

59
Q

Ozone

A

air pollutant, bluish gas with slightly pungent odor

60
Q

Radon

A

air pollutant, naturally occurring radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer

61
Q

Lead

A

-heavy metal poisoning, from paint/toys
-causes learning disabilities, high blood pressure

62
Q

Acne

A

a condition where sebaceous glands in the skin become inflamed and/or infected
-hormones, follicle changes, increased sebum production, bacteria

63
Q

Tetracycline

A

acne treatment, kills P. acnes (protein synthesis inhibitor)

64
Q

Isotretinoin (accutane)

A

acne treatment, unclogs pores, reduces oil production/inflammation

65
Q

Psoriasis

A

a chronic, autoimmune disorder marked by red, itchy, & scaly patches of skin & caused by overproduction/accumulation of
skin cells

66
Q

Eczema

A

known as “the itch that rashes”, is a condition where patches of skin become inflamed, itchy, red, cracked, & rough
causes: genetics, skin defect

67
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

the 2nd most common type of skin cancer & can form large masses that are capable of metastasis

68
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

the most dangerous skin cancer, caused by abnormal melanocyte proliferation and sun exposure

69
Q

Nutrients

A

Substances obtained from food and used for growth, maintenance and/or repair of tissues
–water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins & minerals

70
Q

Vitamins

A

-organic nutrients that promote essential body functions and increase energy
-2 types: water soluble & fat soluble
-increases energy & essential body functions

71
Q

Minerals

A

-Inorganic nutrients (chemical elements) that promote essential body functions
-promotes essential body functions

72
Q

Vitamin B3 ‐ Niacin

A

-creates energy & boosts neurotransmission
-effects of excess: minor
-diseases caused by deficiency: pellagra

73
Q

Vitamin B6 ‐ Pyridoxine

A

-energy & neurotransmission
-effects of excess: minor
-diseases caused by deficiency: seborrheic dermatitis

74
Q

Vitamin B9 ‐ Folic Acid

A

deficiency = anemia & birth defects

75
Q

Vitamin B12 ‐ Cobalamin

A

-energy & red blood cell production
-effects of excess: minor
-deficiency: anemia

76
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A

-water-soluble
-tissue maintenance, neurotransmission, immune system function
-effects of excess: minor
-deficiency: scurvy

77
Q

Vitamin A

A

-fat-soluble
-vision, immune system
-deficiency: impaired night vision, dry cornea

78
Q

Vitamin D

A

-fat-soluble
-regulates calcium
-deficiency: rickets & osteoporosis

79
Q

Vitamin E

A

-fat-soluble
-tissue maintenance, immune system function
-deficiency: weakness

80
Q

Calcium

A

-bones & teeth, muscle contraction
-deficiency: rickets & muscle weakness

81
Q

Iron

A

-hemoglobin - binds iron to carry oxygen in red blood cells
-deficiency: anemia

82
Q

Iodine

A

-thyroid hormone, regulates energy & oxygen
-effects of excess: severe
-deficiency: goiter

83
Q

Zinc

A

-promotes immune system function, cold remedy
-severe: permanent loss of smell

Drug Use & Abuse (1 decks)

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