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DRUGS USE AND ABUSE > Drug Use and Abuse Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Drug Use and Abuse Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Drug use signifies 3 major simultaneous changes:

A
  1. Social and psychological (reward from social pressures)
  2. Pharmacalogically (alters body chemistry)
  3. Genetically (genetic programmed desire)
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2
Q

Insiders

A

Drug users/symphathizers

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3
Q

Outsiders

A

nonusers/against

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4
Q

4 Principles factors that affect drug use

A
  1. Biologial, genetic, pharmacological
  2. Cultural
  3. Social Factors
  4. Contextual
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5
Q

6 Major Types of Commonly Used Drugs

A
  1. Prescription
  2. OTC
  3. Recreational (coffee, tea, etc)
  4. Illicit Drugs
  5. Herbal
  6. Commercial (paints, glues, cleaning products)
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6
Q

3 Prescription Drugs Currently Abused

A
  1. Narcotics
  2. Depressants
  3. Stimulants
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7
Q

Stimulants

A
  • increase alertness, excite, euphoria
  • Major stimulants: amphetamines (crack, coke, meth)
  • Minor stimulants: coffee, tea, chocolate, tobacco
  • Chronic use paranoia, anxiety
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8
Q

Hallucinogens/Psychedelics

A
  • Synthetic or natural
  • Intense alteration of perceptions
  • Tolerance builds rapidly
  • Ex: MDMA, LSD, mushrooms, PCP
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9
Q

Depressants

A
  • Relieve boredom, stress, anxiety
  • Ex: alcohol, valium, barbiturates
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10
Q

3 Types of Drug Users

A
  1. Experimenters (recreational, usually peer pressure, usually able to limit)
  2. Compulsive (must get high, escape reality)
  3. Floaters/chippers (use others drugs) (between experimenters and compulsive)
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11
Q

Designer Drugs/Synthetic drugs or synthetic opiods

A
  • Structural analogs
  • Hybrid drugs
  • Ex: Ecstacy, Demoral
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12
Q

Structural Analog

A

Altered chemical structures of current illicit drugs to create a new species

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13
Q

Drug Misuse

A

Unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or OTC drugs

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14
Q

Drug Abuse also known as: (2 names)

A

Chemical or substance abuse

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15
Q

Physical Dependence

A

refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms

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16
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

Need that a user may psychologically feel for continued use of a drug in order to experience effects or relieve withdrawal

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17
Q

5 Stages of Drug Dependence

A
  1. Relief
  2. Increased Use
  3. Preoccupation
  4. Dependency
  5. Withdrawal
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18
Q

Holistic Self-Awareness

A

Mind, body, and spirit work best when drug-free

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19
Q

3 Major Theoretical positions on drug use and abuse

A
  1. • Biological
  2. • Sociological
  3. • Psychological
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20
Q

Substance dependence

A

true addiction, continued use despite significant substance-related problems known to the user

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21
Q

Addiction is considered a _________ disease.

A

Considered BRAIN DISEASE by NIDA

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22
Q

Moral Model

A

belief that people abuse alcohol because they choose to do so, traditional

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23
Q

Disease Model

A

model of addiction in the US; belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biologically cause condition

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24
Q

Characterological or personality predisposition model

A

– view of chemical dependency as a symptom of problems in the development or operation of the system of needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual

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25
Q

Career Pattern of Addiction (6 Steps)

A
  1. • Experimentation or initiation
  2. • Escalation (increasing use)
  3. • Maintenance
  4. • Dysfunction
  5. • Recovery
  6. • Ex-addict
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26
Q

5 Steps of Drug Use

A
  1. • Initiation
  2. • Continuation
  3. • Transition to drug abuse
  4. • Attempts to stop
  5. • Relapse
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27
Q

Dopamine

A
  • neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulates movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure; it mediates the rewarding aspects of most drugs of abuse
  • Particulary influenced by drug abuse
  • Dopamine important transmitter in controlling movement and fine muscle activity as well as endocrine functions
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28
Q

Comorbidity

A

2 or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person; they can occur either simultaneously or one after the other; also implies interaction between the illnesses that can worsen the courses of both

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29
Q

Is drug addiction a mental illness?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

a theory that places emphasis on how an individual learns patterns of behavior from the attitudes of others, society, and peers
• Conditioning

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31
Q

Differential Reinforcement

A

ratio between reinforces, both favorable and disfavorable, for sustaining drug use behavior

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32
Q

Social Influence Theories

A

a person’s day to day social relations as a primary cause for drug use

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33
Q

Structural influence theories

A

structural organization of a society, peer group, or subculture are directly responsible for drug use

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34
Q

4 Social Influence Theories

A

o 1) Social learning
o 2) Role of significant others in socialization
o 3) Labeling
o 4) Subculture

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35
Q

Labeling Theory

A
  • theory emphasizing that other people’s perceptions directly influence one’s self-image
  • o Does not fully explain why initial drug use occurs but details processes by which many people come to view themselves as socially deviant from others
  • o Labeling theory says that other people whose opinions we value have a determining influence over our self-image
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36
Q

Primary Deviance

A

any type of initial deviant behavior in which the perpetrator does not identify with the deviance

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37
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

– any type of deviant behavior in which the perpetrator identifies with the deviance; perceives self as deviant

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38
Q

Master Status

A

major status position in the eyes of others that clearly identifies an individual: ex: doctor, professor, alcoholic, heroin addict

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39
Q

Retrospective interpretation

A

– social psychological process of redefining a person in light of a major status position, for example, homosexual, physician, alcoholic, convicted felon
o Once negative master status has been attached to an individual’s public image, retrospective interpretation sets in (Shur)
• Redefining a person’s image in the eyes of peers

40
Q

Subculture Theory

A

explains drug use as a peer-generated activity
o Group leaders have influence over inexperienced drug users
o Further extension of subculture theory is the social and cultural support perspective
• Explains drug use and abuse in peer groups as resulting from an attempt by peers to solve problems collectively

41
Q

Structural Influence Theories

A

o Focus on how elements in the organization of a society, group, or subculture affect the motivation and resulting drug use
o No single factor in society, the group, or subculture produces the attraction to drug use but rather that the organization itself or lack of organization causes behavior

42
Q

Social Strain Theory

A

suggests that frustration results from being unable to secure the means to achieve sought-after goals

43
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

because of rapid social change, previous affiliated individuals no longer find themselves integrated into a community’s social, commercial, religious, and economic institutions

44
Q

Conventional Behavior

A

behavior largely dictated by custom and tradition, which is often dictated by custom and tradition and that evaporates or goes into a state of flux because of social change

45
Q

Control Theory

A

– emphasizes when people are left without bonds to other groups (peers, family), they generally have a tendency to deviate from upheld values and attitudes

46
Q

Socialization

A

growth and development process responsible for learning how to become a responsible, functioning human being

47
Q

4 Things that people lack cause delinquent behavior

A
  • 1) Attachment to others
  • 2) Commitment to goals
  • 3) Involvement in conventional activity
  • 4) Belief in a common value system
48
Q

Patent Medicine

A

Meant the ingredients were secret not patented

49
Q

o 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

A
  • Defined drugs to include products that affected bodily structure or function even in absence of disease
  • Companies had to file with the government for all new drugs to prove they were safe (not effective just safe)
  • Had to list all ingredients and quantity of each and provide instructions regarding correct use of drug and warnings about its dangers
50
Q

o Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951

A
  • After passed almost all new drugs placed in prescription-class
  • Established criteria which are still used today for determining whether a drug should a prescription or nonprescription, if does not fall into 1 or following 3 categories it is nonprescription:
  • 1) The drug is habit-forming
  • 2) No safe for self-medication because of its toxicity
  • 3) Drug is a new compound that has not shown to be completely safe
51
Q

Kefauver and Harris Amendments of 1962

A

• 1938 act did not give FDA authority to supervise clinical testing of drugs, the effectiveness of drugs being sold to public were not being determined
• Supposed to fix problem, but didn’t pass until thalidomide accident
• Thalidomide – sedative drug that when used during pregnancy can cause severe developmental damage to fetus
o Baby could be born with abnormally developed arms or legs called phocomelia
• Required fro the first time that drug manufacturers demonstrate the efficacy as well as safety of their drugs

52
Q

Harrison Act of 1914

A

first legitimate effort by the US government to regulated addicting substances

53
Q

8 Factors Determining which Schedule a drug is in

A
  • 1) Actual potential for abuse of drug
  • 2) Scientific evidence of the pharmacological effects of drug
  • 3) Scientific knowledge of drug
  • 4) Its history and current pattern of abuse
  • 5) Risks for public health?
  • 6) Psychological or physiological dependence liability of drug
  • 7) Scope, duration, and significance of abuse
  • 8) Whether substance is precursor of a substance already controlled
54
Q

Demand Reduction

A

attempts to decrease individuals’ tendencies to use drugs, often aimed at youth, with emphasis on reformulating values and behaviors
o Complex but experience has shown that prevention and treatment are better strategies and in the long run less costly than interdiction or incarceration

55
Q

Inoculation Strategy

A

o Aims to protect drug users by teaching them responsibility
o Emphasis on being rational, accountable, and responsible about drug use (designated drivers)

56
Q

Drug Courts

A

o Designed to deal with nonviolent drug-abusing offenders
o Integrate mandatory drug testing, substance abuse treatment, sanctions, and incentives in a judicially supervised setting
o Provide and tools necessary to rebuild their lives and become productive members of the community

57
Q

Discretionary Enforcement of Drug Laws

A

Allow greater discretion by judicial systems for prosecution and sentencing

58
Q

Hormones

A
  • chemical messengers released into the blood by glands
  • Hormones are essential in regulating metabolism, growth, tissue repair, and sexual behavior
  • Compared to neurotransmitters, hormones tend to have a slower onset, longer duration of action, and more generalized target
59
Q

Receptors

A

special proteins in a membrane that are activated by natural substances or drugs to alter cell function

60
Q

Acetycholine

A
  • excitatory-inhibitory, mild euphoria, excitation, insomnia, tobacco, nicotine
  • ACh
61
Q

Synapse

A

site of communication between message-sending neuron and its message-receiving target cell

62
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

minute gap between the neuron and target cell, across which neurotransmitters travel

63
Q

Dendrites

A

short branches of neurons that receive transmitter signals

64
Q

Axon

A

an extension of the neuronal cell body along which electrochemical signals travel

65
Q

Glia

A

supporting cells that are critical for protecting and providing sustenance to the neurons

66
Q

Endorphins

A

neurotransmitters that have narcotic-like effects

67
Q

Opiate Receptors

A

receptors activated by opioid narcotic drugs such as heroin and morphine

68
Q

Cannibinoid system

A

biological target of tertahydrocannabinol in marijuana

69
Q

Anandamide

A

naturally occurring fatty acid neurotransmitter that selectively activates cannabinoid receptors

70
Q

Agonistic

A
  • type of substance that activates a receptor
  • Mimics effect of a messenger substance like a neurotransmitter that is naturally produced by the body and interacts with the receptor to cause some cellular change
71
Q

Antagonist

A

type of substance that blocks a receptor

72
Q

Catecholamines

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, all of which have similar chemical structures

73
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE

A

Large quantities of acetylcholine (ACh) are found in the brain
One of the major neurotransmitters in the autonomic portion of PNS
Depending on the region can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects
• Divided into muscarinic and nicolinic
• Muscarinic inhibitory
• Nicotine activate nicolinic (excitory)

74
Q

Reuptake

A

most catecholamines are taken back up into the neurons that released them to be used over again

75
Q

Sympathomimetic

A
  • agents that mimic the effects of norepinephrine or epinephrine
  • Classified into alpha and beta categories
  • Norepinephrine act predominantly on alpha receptors
76
Q

Seratonin

A
  • Synthesized in neurons and elsewhere
  • Seratonin generally inhibits action of its target neurons
  • One important role of serotonergic neurons is to prevent overreaction to various stimuli
  • Serotonergic neurons also help regulate the release of hormones from the hypothalamus
  • Alteration of serotonergic neurons, factors in mental illness and contribute to side effects of many drug abuse
77
Q

PNS has input and output

A
  • Input – to brain and spinal cord conveys sensory information
  • Output – separated into somatic types (control of voluntary muscles) and autonomic types (control of unconscious functions)
78
Q

RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEMS

A
  • Area of the brain that receives input from all sensory systems as well from the cerebral cortex
  • Found at junction between spinal cord and brain
  • One major function: control brain’s state of arousal (sleep versus awake)
  • Very susceptible to effects of drugs
  • High levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or stimulant drugs such as amphetamines activate RAS
79
Q

Anticholinergic

A

agents that antagonize the effects of acetylcholine

80
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • Include caudate nucleus and primary centers for involuntary and finely tuned motor functions (ex: posture)
  • Structures involved in establishing and maintaining behaviors
  • 2 important neurotransmitters: dopamine and Ach
  • Important for developing addiction and affecting decision-making
81
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Nucleus accumbens
  • Include thalamus, medial forebrain bundle, and hypothalamus
  • Functions linked with basal ganglia, drugs that affect one system affect the other
  • Regulate emotional activities, memory, basic hypothalamic functions, mating, and caring for young, reward centers
  • Principle transmitters include dopamine, norepinephrine, and seratonin
82
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

part of the CNS limbic system and a critical brain region for reward system

83
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Lies under skull and almost completely surrounds rest of brain
Responsible for receiving sensory input, interpreting incoming information, and initiating voluntary motor behavior

84
Q

Frontal Cortex

A

cortical region essential for information processing and decision making

85
Q

Insula

A
  • Located deep within the brain connected with pleasure pathways and appears to be important for motivation
  • Recently linked with drug addiction
86
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Located near base of the brain
  • CNS control center, and many vital support functions (cardiovascular activity, hormone release, appetite regulation)
  • Primary point of contact between the nervous and endocrine systems
  • Principle transmitters: norepinephrine, and dopamine
87
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

controls the unconscious functions of the body
Located within CNS and considered part of ANS

88
Q

ANS divided into 2 functional components:

A
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • • Because 2 parts of the ANS work in opposite ways much of the time they are considered physiological antagonists
  • • Control most internal organs, circulatory system, and secretory system
  • • Release Ach at its synapses
89
Q

Sympathetic

A

Sympathetic system normally active at all times
• Release norepinephrine

Part of ANS

90
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system is organized mainly for limited, focused activity and usually conserves and restores energy rather than expends it.
  • Part of ANS
91
Q

Cholinergic Drugs

A

drugs that affect Ach release, metabolism, or interaction with its respective receptor, can either mimic or antagonize the parasympathetic nervous system

92
Q

Endocrine System and 3 Principal sources of hormones

A
  1. • Pituitary gland
  2. • Adrenal glands
  3. • Sex glands

Ductless

93
Q

Pituitary Glands

A
  • master gland, controls many other glands by releasing regulating factors and growth hormone
  • • Hypothalamus helps control the activity of pituitary gland
94
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • near kidneys and divided into 2 parts: cortex (outer surface), and medulla (inner)
  • • Component of sympathetic nervous system
  • • Also release corticosteriods or just steroids and androgens
  • • Steriods – hormones related to the cortcosteriods release from adrenal cortex
  • • Androgens – male sex hormones
95
Q

Sex Glands

A

responsible for secretion of male and female sex hormones that help regulate the development and activity of respective reproductive systems
Activity of gonads (ovaries, testes) is regulated by hormones released from pituitary gland

96
Q

Anabolic Steriods

A
  • compounds chemically like the steroids that stimulate production of tissue mass
  • Schedule III systems
97
Q

Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)

A
  • Designer Steriods
  • FDA banned THG in products classified as nutritional supplements

DRUGS USE AND ABUSE (3 decks)

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